https://journalanimalresearch.comGenerated by JAR.Source page: https://journalanimalresearch.comenhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The objective of this study was to explore the time course of morphologicalandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;alterations of rumen papillae after changing the diet from hay (ad libitum) to aandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;mixed hay/concentrate diet. A total of 24 sheep were subjected to different periods of mixed hay/concentrate feeding ranging from 0 weeks (control; hay ad libitum) to 12 weeks (1-1.5 kg hay plus 780 g concentrate per day in two equal portions). Macro- and mesoscopic examinations, as well as scanning electron microscopical techniques were employed to study the rumen papillae of the different groups. Scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M) examination revealed that time and change of diet has greatly influenced ruminal papillae. This influence was expressed by the pronounced change of the papillae from small, tongue shaped when the animals were fed on hay to large, heavily cornified, finger_ and foliate_ shaped when fed on concentrates for 4-6 weeks. Morphometric analysis indicated that the increase in the length and number of papillae was also correlated to the duration of feedingandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;concentrates for 4-6 weeks. The total surface of papillae increased in the 2 days concentrate-fed sheep to 2 folds of that of hay-fed sheep and reached the maximum value (4 folds) within 4 weeks of concentrate feeding. It is concluded that the most of the adaptation events were significantly established in 4-6 weeks; changes in 12 weeks were similar, but less developedandlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;A study was carried out to find the effect of feeding Cow urine ark and Aloe vera extract on performance and carcass traits of broilers. For Performance Quality, Body Weight of birds were weighed on weekly basis till 6 weeks of age. Weight gain in different groups of broilers was calculated on weekly basis. Evaluation of Feed Intake was done on the basis of feed offered and left over feed recorded at the end of that week.Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and Performance index (PI) were also calculated.To study the carcass traits, two broilers in each replicate were slaughtered on termination of experiment. For Organ weight percentage various visceral organs like liver, heart gizzard and giblet were weighed.Carcass yield percentage were evaluated by recording dressed weight and eviscerated weight. Aloe vera extract causes significant increase in body weight gain, feed consumption, FER and performance index of broilers.Significant increase was also reported in carcass trait of birdandlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;To study the immunomodulatory effect of cow urine ark(distillate) and medicinal herbs, evaluation of cell mediated immune (CMI) response by delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) reaction to 2,4-dinitro chloro benzene (of experiment DNCB) in the broilers of group I(control), group II(ark treated), group III(ark and W.somnifera treated), group IV(ark and andlt;iandgt;T.cordifoliaandlt;/iandgt; treated), group V(ark, W.somnifera and T.cordifolia treated) and group VI(ImmuPlus-a polyherbal preparation treated) was carried out. The result indicated that DTH reaction in the broilers of group VI was most severe at 24 hours post challenge on 42nd day of experiment than that followed by group V, IV, III, II and I. DTH response indicates that cow urine ark and medicinal herbs are a potent immunomodulatory agent enhancing the cell mediated immune response. One of the explanations forwarded to justify the beneficial effect of cow urine and medicinal herbs in diseased stress is the non specific enhancement of immune status of the individual.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The study was conducted on 72 - day old straight run commercial broiler chicks (DOC) till 6 weeks of age to investigate the effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder (TLP) on the hematological parameters of broilers. Chicks were randomly divided into four groups of 18 chicks each. Control group received standard broilers diet. Chicks in second, third and fourth group received standard broilers diet supplemented with Tulsi leaf powder (TLP) @ 0.25, 0.50 and 1 percent. Blood samples were collected at the end of 6th week from the wing vein in sterile heparinized tubes. Plasma was separated by centrifugation for determination of oxidative stress marker in broilers. Results revealed a significant effect of TLP in feeds as alkaline phosphatase level was significantly (Pandamp;lt;0.05) lower in diets supplemented with 0.5 % and 1.0% TLP.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;In coloured strain of synthetic dam line broiler chicken correlation between body weight and conformation traits were studied at 5th week of age. Body weight, breast angle, shank length and keel length were measured in both males and females. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between 5th week body weight and each with breast angle, shank length and keel length from sire components of variance and covariance were positively and statistically significant (Pandamp;lt;0.01). It was concluded that individual selection for high body weight at 5th week of age would be most effective and, correlations between body weight and each with breast angle and shank length are higher in males while body weight and each with breast angle and keel length are higher in females.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The aim of the present study was to observe the antimicrobial profile of isolates of Cl. perfringens from pasteurized milk and milk products (icecream and shrikhand) against 16 antibiotics. Antimicrobial profile revealed that few drugs like amikacin, piperacillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cephoxitin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol were showing higher sensitivity. Antibiotics like erythromycin and gentamicin were displaying intermediate sensitivity. Drugs like tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin, co-trimoxazole and cloaxacillin showed higher resistance. While, lincomycin was observed to be almost resistance to Cl. perfringens isolates.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The Present investigation was carried out to analyse the data on growth andandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;reproductive traits in Large White Yorkshire (LWY) crossbred pigs. A total of 1635 records of two genetic groups i.e. 50% crossbred (n=845) and 75% crossbred (n=790) LWY x Desi, spread over the 16 years (1994 to 2010) were taken from the animals maintained under All India Coordinated Research Project on pigs, at Livestock Farm, JNKVV, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) At slaughter age, 75%LWY were found to be slightly heavier than the 50% LWY crossbreds. The genetic group and year had significant effect (Pd”0.05) on almost all body weights. A significant year effect (Pd”0.05) was observed for all the traits. Littersize at birth had a significant (Pd”0.05) effect on litter weight at birth.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The normal liver histology of the African palm squirrel Epixerus ebii was investigated to fill the information gap on its micromorphology from available literature. The liver was covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue- the Glissons membrane. Beneath this capsule is the liver parenchyma were the hepatocyte were supported by reticular fibres. The hepatocytes in the lobules were hexagonal to polygonal in shape. Some hepatocytes were bi-nucleated. Clear spaces in the parenchyma must be storege sites for lipids in the liver. The classic hepatic lobules presented central vein surrounded by several liver cells. At the portal triad, hepatic vein, hepatic arteries and bile ducts were seen. While the hepatic arteries and veins were lined by endothelium, the bile ducts were lined by simple cuboidal cells. Nerve fibres were also seen in the region of the portal triad. Hepatic sinusoids lined by endothelium were seen in the liver parenchyma between liver lobules. The sinusoids contained macrophages. This report will aid wild life biologist in further inversigative research and Veterinarians in diagnosing the hepatic diseases of the African palm squirrel.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Six apparently healthy, non-lactating and non-pregnant Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffalo each above two years of age were selected to evaluate the effect of seasonal variations on hematological parameters. Blood samples were collected aseptically by jugular vein puncture during peak winter and peak summer seasons. The present investigation revealed the mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, neutrophils, MCH, MCHC were significantly higher (Pandamp;lt;0.05) in Murrah buffalo during summer season as compared to their winter season. On the other hand, in Sahiwal cows except PCV (Pandamp;lt;0.05) other hematological parameters were found to be statistically nonsignificantandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;(Pandamp;gt;0.05). The neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higherandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;(Pandamp;lt;0.05) during summer as against the winter season in case of Murrah buffalo, whereas no significant alternation was registered in case of Sahiwal cows. These findings suggested that Murrah buffalo are more prone to stress due to seasonal variations in comparison to Sahiwal cows.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The data on reproductive performance of 1850 crossbred pigs belonging to three genetic groups viz. andfrac12; LWY-desi crossbred (845), andfrac34; LWY-desi crossbred (790) and andfrac12; Tamworth-desi crossbred (215) maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) covering period from 1994 to 2010 were subjected to least squares analysis to study the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors. The least squares means for litter weight at birth were 7.18andplusmn;0.24 and 6.61andplusmn;0.24 kg for andfrac12; and andfrac34; LWY-desi crossbreds and 7.13andplusmn;0.24 kg for andfrac12; Tamworth-desi crossbreds respectively. The least squares means for litter weight at weaning were 55.82andplusmn;2.58,andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;61.03andplusmn;2.31 and 61.93andplusmn;3.54 kg for andfrac12; LWY-desi, andfrac34; LWY-desi and andfrac12; Tamworthdesi crossbred respectively. The present investigation showed a significance influence of period and season of birth on litter traits indicated the potential for optimizing production performance of pig providing optimal environmental conditions.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The present study was conducted to prepare dietary fiber rich chicken meat rollsandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;and patties. The combination of two different sources of dietary fiber has beenandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;used viz. rice bran and psyllium husk. Three different levels of rice bran andandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;psyllium husk viz. 10% rice bran and 2% psyllium husk, 10% rice bran and 4%andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;psyllium husk and 10% rice bran and 6% psyllium husk were tried. The sensoryandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;characteristics such as colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness, texture and overallandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;acceptability of fiber added chicken meat rolls and patties were studied. Theandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;sensory scores showed a decreasing trend with increasing levels of incorporationandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;but 10 % rice bran and 4% psyllium husk combination was found to be suitableandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;organoleptically.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Aloe barbadensis extract was incorporated in the feeds of adult Heterobranchus bidorsalis at concentrations of 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, and 125.0 mg/Kg of feeds in triplicates. Fresh gel was mixed with feeds and sundried. The fish werefed at 6% body weight divided into two rations per day. The fish were fed for 14 days before being analysed for hematological parameters such as total white blood cell count, lymphocyte, neutrophils counts, eosinophils counts, basophils counts as well as monocyte counts. The monocytes and eosinophils were significantly lower (pandamp;lt;0.05) in the treated fish while basophils were not encountered at all. The neutrophils and lymphocytes being the immune responsive leucocytes were increased in circulation due to Aloe barbadensis exposure. Aloe barbadensis extractandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;is therefore recommended as fish supplements at concentration of 50.0 to 75.0 mg/Kg of feeds for adult Heterobranchusandlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;An investigation was carried out on nine lactating crossbred cows (Jandtimes;L) cowsandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;which were allotted randomly into three comparable shelters in switch over design. Three different type of shelters were, 1- Asbestos roofing; 2- Paddy straw thatched roof house; 3 - White painted asbestos roof. Temperature humidity index was higher in macro -environment followed by thatched roof shed, white painted asbestos roof and asbestos roofing. Thatched roof shed had significant (Pandamp;lt;0.05) incremental effect on the milk production and milk composition of cows than the cows in white painted roof shed and asbestos roof shed during summer. Overall paddy straw thatched roof shed effectively ameliorates environmental temperature, humidity and THI during summer season in the Konkan region.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;In the present investigation the average performance of various performance traits in Murrah buffaloes has been studied. Data on 1224 lactations of Murrah buffaloes scattered over 19 years from January 1993 to October 2011 maintained at organized herd of National Dairy Research Institute. A total of 522 buffaloes completed first lactation and 368, 226 and 108 animals completed second, third and fourth lactations, respectively. Following traits were studied, age at first calving (AFC), days to first service (DFS), service period (SP), pregnancy rate (PR), lactation length (LL), 305 days or less milk yield (305 DMY) and 305 days or less wet average (WA). Study revealed that average performance of AFC, DFS and SP was 43.97 andplusmn; 0.36 months, 90.10 andplusmn; 1.60 days and 139.91 andplusmn; 2.96 days. Overall average pregnancy rate was estimated as 0.36 andplusmn; 0.013 whereas it was found to be 0.34 andplusmn;andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;0.02, 0.39 andplusmn; 0.02, 0.33 andplusmn; 0.03, 0.38 andplusmn; 0.05 for first, second, third and fourthandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;parity, respectively in Murrah buffalo. The average performance of LL, 305 DMY, WA were estimated to be 284.38 andplusmn; 1.08 days, 2034.42 andplusmn; 20.79 kg and 7.29 andplusmn; 0.06 kg. It may be inferred that intense selection of buffalo for milk production if continued for long with giving due attention to reproductive traits then it is likely to cause deterioration in reproduction traits in days to come.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Ten adult sheep (2-4years of age) and eight lambs (5-12 month old), of both sexes were involved in this study. Ten apparently healthy sheep (5 adults and 5 lambs) were also used as a control group. The selected animals were presented with prominent clinical signs of progressive weight loss (in adults), underweight (in lambs), profuse watery diarrhea and edematous swelling of the intermandibular space. Blood as well as fecal and feed samples were analyzed for the selected parameters. The obtained results for hematological values revealed significant decrease (Pandamp;lt;0.05) in the total erythrocytic cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and packedandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;cell volume in both sheep and lambs if compared with those of the apparentlyandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;healthy ones. The mean values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) wereandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;significantly increased associated with significant decrease (Pandamp;lt;0.05) in meanandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) indicating a macrocyticandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;hypochromic anemia. Also there was significant increase (Pandamp;lt;0.05) in the totalandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;leucocytic counts with marked eosinophilia in ill thrifty sheep and lambs whenandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;compared with those of the apparently healthy ones.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a histiocytic tumor of the dog that mainly affects the external genitalia, commonly found at tropical and subtropical zones. In the present investigation, we undertook this work mainly to perform a computational analysis of snSNP in the BTNL2 to identify the possible mutations and proposed the model structure of the mutant protein. Four deleterious mutations were identified in BTNL2 in 109 and 319 residual positions. Moreover, we constructed the homolgus structure of native and mutant proteins to predicate the stability. I-Mutant was used for routine analysis of protein stability and for the single site mutation analysis. It was found that mutation of L to S at residual position 109 and A to T at 319 residue position has shown maximum negative effect on the protein stability and considered for further analysis. The mutational effect on the protein function was analyzed by project HOPE. It was found that the wild-type residue is very conserved, but a few other residue types have beenandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;observed at this position too. Based on conservation scores this mutation is probably damaging to the protein. The present investigation was further used for molecular expect of the CTVT infection which might be useful in diagnosis and prevention of CTVT in canine.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The present study was conducted to estimate genetic parameters like heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among different growth and reproductive traits of LWY x Desi and TMW x Desi maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Livestock Farm, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.). The h2 estimates for birth weight for LWY and TMW crossbreds has been recorded as 0.011andplusmn;0.075 and 0.012andplusmn;0.079 respectively and for weaning weight it has been recorded as 0.271andplusmn;0.117 and 0.282andplusmn;0.116 respectively for LWY and TMW crossbreds. The h2 estimates of body weight at different ages had low to moderate and some where higher at different age. The genetic correlation values at birth were ranged from 0.19 to 0.73 and 0.16 to 0.71 for LWY and TMW crossbreds respectively. The h2 estimates for maternal traits of LWY and TMW crossbred pigs are within the specified range. Most of theandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;genetic and phenotypic correlations are at higher side with positive direction.andlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;Environmental correlations also followed the same trend where most of the values are higher for Large White Yorkshire and Tamworth crossbred Pigs.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;The present study was envisaged to prepare dietary fiber rich chicken meat rolls and patties. The combination of two different sources of dietary fiber viz. black gram hull and psyllium husk has been used. They were added in three different levels viz. 5% black gram hull and 2% psyllium husk, 5% black gram hull and 4% psyllium husk and 5% black gram hull and 6% psyllium husk. The sensory characteristics such as colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability of fiber added chicken meat rolls and patties were studied. In general, the sensory scores showed a decreasing trend with increasing levels of incorporation but 5% black gram hull and 4% psyllium husk combination was found to be suitable organoleptically.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Reproductive disorders causing reproductive failure in equids put great challenge in achieving the goal of successful breeding every year and subsequent birth of live foal. Economic losses due to reproductive disorders are caused in terms of reduced fertility, longer calving interval, low life time production and increased expenses on medication as well as breeding. In India, major reproductive problems reported in mares are infertility, abortions, reproductive tract infections and dystocia. Other less common reproductive problems are placental retention, placentitis, vaginitis, still birth and poor perineal conformation.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Apocrine glands are the major type of sweat gland in dogs, and distribution ofandlt;/divandgt;andlt;divandgt;eccrine sweat glands is limited to footpad (Goldschmidt and Shofer, 1992). Apocrine sweat gland tumors are rather common in dogs and tend to occur on the head, neck and limbs. The Golden Retriever is a breed that shows a predisposition to such tumors (Kalaherandlt;iandgt; et alandlt;/iandgt;., 1990). The tumor was greatly resembles its human counterpart and originate in the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands (Nibe andlt;iandgt;et alandlt;/iandgt;., 2005).andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;Esophageal obstruction (Choke) occurs when the oesophagus is obstructed by food, foreign body or by presence of space occupying lesion in the oesophagus . In ruminants, acute and complete oesophageal obstruction is an emergency because it prohibits the eructation of ruminal gases and bloat develops if untreated resulting in pressure on the diaphragm and preventing blood flow to the heart. The present study reports the successful management of cervical oesophageal obstruction caused by a small cucumber in a non descript cow.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberhttps://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/Decemberandlt;divandgt;A young peregrine falcon was presented with a right midshaft open fracture of the humerus. This report describes an innovation technique for intramedullary pinning using an injection needle as a pin device of internal fixation.andlt;/divandgt;https://journalanimalresearch.com/Journal/lastissue/year/2013/month/December