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Vol. 8 No. 3 June 2018

Sera from 378 female Mijaheem camels of different age groups were collected from different parts of the country. All of them were simultaneously tested serologically for specific antibodies against brucellosis, chlamydiosis and coxiellosis while 368 of the same serum samples were also tested for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results were statistically analyzed to determine the prevalence rate of each of these abortifacient agents and the association of the geographical location and age of the animal with the prevalence. The overall serological prevalence was 16.67% for brucellosis, 49.18% for toxoplasmosis, 13.32% for neosporosis, 10.05% for chlamydiosis and 42.36% for coxiellosis. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between the serological prevalence of each of the studied abortifacient agents with the location of the animal, and there was also a significant association with age in the case of toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosis. The results indicate that the causative agents of brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, chlamydiosis and coxiellosis are widespread among indigenous Mijaheem camels in Saudi Arabia, and that their prevalence varied with region and age group. These different agents should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious abortion in Saudi Arabian camels.

The study aimed to evaluate the maternal behavior of Najdi ewes lambing under intensive farming conditions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 242 lambings were monitored and litter size (LS), dystocia, parturition length (PL), maternal behavior measured as lamb acceptance and licking (LD, licking delay; LL, licking length), and concurrent parturitions in the same pen, were recorded. Najdi ewes showed moderate LS (1.31 lambs/ewe), which increased according to parity. Despite being considered as a poor motherhood sheep breed, low dystocia (4.5%), fast and easy parturition (28.5 min) were observed in Najdi ewes in our study. The ewes take good care of their lambs, licking them early (LD, 1.2 min) and for enough time (LL, 28.5 min) after parturition. On the contrary, the studied flock showed a high incidence of lamb rejections (20.7%) which increased in primiparous ewes. No effects of LS, season or dystocia were detected on lamb acceptance, but concurrent parturition was identified as the main cause of lamb rejections.

The present study reports the effects of a recent isolate of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) designated as Durg CIAV, recovered from a poultry flock of Raipur, Chhattisgarh state, India. In experimentally infected day old chicks, the isolate produced consistent clinical signs, low haematocrit values and generalized lymphoid atrophy particularly of thymus, bursa and spleen along with depletion of lymphocytes from the lymphoid organs in almost all infected chicks. Haematological studies revealed significant decrease in haemoglobin (pandle;0.01), PCV (pandle;0.01), total leucocyte count (pandle;0.01) and lymphocyte (pandle;0.05) values. Results revealed that Durg CIAV isolate is pathogenic and immunosuppressive in nature. Therefore, suitable prevention and control strategies need to be formulated to prevent the virus infection in avian flocks in the country.

Diarrheic faecal samples of dogs were screened for the presence of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively followed by analysis of positive cases to find their relationship with breed, age, sex and vaccination status. Faecal samples were collected from dogs having vomition and diahorrea. PCR amplification of DNA and RNA (c-DNA) templates extracted from the faecal samples was conducted using the designed primers against the relevant genes (VP2 and M) of the two viruses respectively. Out of a total 50 screened faecal samples, twenty five were found positive for CPV and 4 samples for CCoV infection by developed PCR/RT-PCR. Out of 25 CPV positive dogs, 23 dogs were from Hisar district and one dog each was reported from Fatehabad and Jind district of Haryana. Out of four positive CCoV dogs one dog was reported from Fatehabad and three other were reported from Hisar. The disease was found to be more common in mixed breed, male pups of less than 6 months of age. The percent prevalence of positive cases in unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated dogs was found to be 96.55%. PCR and RT-PCR based detection revealed 50% and 8% prevalence of CPV and CCoV respectively. It may be concluded that CPV and CCoV infections are very much prevalent in the state and their prevalence is very high in dogs not vaccinated. Thus, there is a need to strengthen vaccination against these etiological agents.

The present research work was conducted on 100 lactating cows comprising 50 each of Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle. All the screened in Sahiwal (n = 50) and HF Crossbred (n = 50) cows revealed monomorphic pattern, only, AA genotype (310 bp) was found at andalpha;s1-casein gene (CSN1S1)/HindIII locus. The allelic frequency for allele A in the screened animals of Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle was 1.00 and for allele B was 0.00. The population was found under HWE at this locus (andchi;2=0.00NS). Milk yield and Daily milk yield was noticed significantly higher in HF Crossbred as compared to Sahiwal cattle.

The present study was conducted on corpus luteum of healthy buffaloes ovaries (n = 24) collected from local slaughter house and were categorized into early (stage I, 1 to 5 days, n=6), mid (stage II, 6 to 11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n=6). In the earliest phase i.e., corpus haemorrhagicum, the distribution of total lipids was moderate. However, in the early luteal phase, most of the luteal cells had intense staining for presence of total lipids by Sudan Black B and Oil Red O and phospholipids by Acid Hematin. By the mid luteal phase, fewer luteal cells at this stage showed positive staining for presence of lipids. During the mid luteal phase, the less frequent presence of lipid droplets in luteal cells indicated that cholesterol and its esters present at this stage might have been utilized for active synthesis of progesterone. In late luteal phase, the distribution of lipids increased to depict very intense staining. Moreover, in the regressing phase i.e., corpus albicans, the distribution of lipids increased further and was observed to be both intracellular and extracellular depicting the higher accumulation of lipids in the regressing corpus luteum. The increase in the lipid droplets in luteal cells at this stage indicated the poor mobilization of lipids and thus decline in the progesterone synthesis.

The study was undertaken for detection of virulence gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in fecal sample of buffalo. In present study, a total of 180 samples were processed for isolation of verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC). Out of 180 samples, 19 samples were found positive for VTEC. All VTEC strains were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using 16 antibiotic discs. Of these, ciprofoxacin and imipenem were found highly sensitive (100%) against VTEC strains followed by ceftriaxone (89.47%), gentamicin (84.21%), amikacin (84.21%) and chloramphenicol (78.94%). Least sensitivity was recorded for enrofloxacin (78.94%), followed by cefixime (63.15%), erythromycin (57.84%) and tetracycline (52.63%).

A work was conducted during the months of Januaryandndash;August 2014 in Pondicherry in order to find the species of Theileria prevalent in the cross bred and Non-descript cattle. The selection of cases was based on the clinical signs and confirmative diagnosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for genus and species specific. The PCR analysis of the bovine blood revealed that 100 out of 110 animals were infected with Theileria, while seventy eight of those 100 samples were positive for T. orientalis. The primers used for detection of Theileria specific was Small Sub-unit r-RNA (SSrRNA) primer of 1098 bp and for T. orientalis- Major Piroplasm Surface Protein (MPSP) primer of 849 bp.

India is home to nineteen breeds of indigenous fowl including one well-known native breed andldquo;Kadaknathandrdquo; or andldquo;Kalamasiandrdquo; meaning a fowl having black flesh. Although the Kadaknath breed has many unique characteristics, it has been neglected because of its poor production potential. In recent trends, the higher use of single activity enzymes like xylanase and protease in commercial poultry feed for improving their performance can also improve performance in Kadaknath breed. Efforts for attaining higher body weight in short duration is still a subject of research for this breed. An experiment of three months was conducted with total Two hundred Kadaknath chicks which were randomly divided into four equal groups with five replicates and each replicate consisted of 10 chicks. Experimental control diet (T0) for pre starter, starter and finisher birds consisted of maize, soybean meal and feed additives based on BIS (2007) for broilers. Treatment diet one (T1) was supplemented with 0.1 kg/ton beta-xylanase enzyme (min. 16000 bxu/kg) with reducing dietary ME 100 Kcal/kg and 1.75% CP, treatment diet two (T2) was supplemented with 0.25 kg/ton cysteine protease enzyme (min. 32500 pu/kg) with reducing dietary ME 50 Kcal/kg and 4% CP and Treatment diet three (T3) was supplemented with both xylanase and protease on same dose in T2 and T3 respectively with reducing dietary ME 150 Kcal/kg and 5.75% CP. The average body weight gain and average feed intake were recorded fortnightly. A metabolic trial was conducted during 6th fortnight of growth period. The average body weight, feed consumption and FCR were not significantly (Pandgt;0.05) different among all treatments. Crude protein digestibility was observed significantly (Pandgt;0.05) higher in protease supplemented group where as dry matter and crude fibre digestibility were observed significantly (Pandgt;0.05) higher in T1. In the above study, it was concluded that the growth performance was similar in xylanase, protease and combination of both supplemented group with reducing energy and protein in comparison to control group. Combination of xylanase and protease was more profitable in rearing of Kadaknath birds.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics have long been used in antibacterial therapy. Despite their beneficial effects, aminoglycosides have considerable nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects. So, present study was done to evaluate biochemical and oxidative changes in amikacin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. A total of 24 rats were equally divided into four groups which were: Gr 1 injected with saline, Gr 2 injected with AK @ 50 mg/kg bw, Gr 3 injected with AK @ 100mg/kg bw and Gr 4 injected with AK @ 200mg/kg bw, respectively. Blood sampling was done on three days 0, 5th and 10th day of experiment. Blood samples were evaluated for BUN, creatinine and uric acid. Blood glutathione and MDA as an antioxidant biomarker was evaluated on 10th day of experiment. The plasma BUN, creatinine and uric acid levels increased significantly in all the groups in a dose and time dependent manner. Amikacin also increased MDA and decreased GSH levels in a dose dependent manner in all the groups compared to control group. It was concluded that amikacin induces the nephrotoxicity characterised by elevated levels of BUN, creatinine and uric acid and oxidative stress through elevating levels of MDA and decreasing levels of GSH.

The objective of the study was to observe the presence of C. perfringens in various meat samples and characterization of the isolates with molecular typing. The samples were collected from different retail outlets in Jabalpur city and processed aseptically. The samples were enriched in alternative thioglycollate medium followed by selective isolation in tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar. Out of 200 samples screened (50 each of raw buffen, chevon, chicken and fish meat), C. perfringens were isolated from 46 samples (23%). The highest presence of C. perfringens was found in buffen (28%), followed by fish (24%) and chevon and chicken (20% each). Lecithinase activity was shown by all the isolates of buffen, chevon and chicken, while, 11 (91.66%) isolates from fish were positive for lecithinase activity. Likewise, 36 (78.28%) isolates of C. perfringens displayed stormy fermentation in IMM within 14 andndash; 18 hrs. The molecular study showed that all the isolates 46(100%) were found to harbor the 16S rRNA and lecithinase (cpa) gene, while none of the isolates displayed enterotoxin (cpe) gene. The presence of C. perfringens in raw meat indicated that the meat wasnandrsquo;t processed hygienically and poor sanitary conditions in retail outlets. Therefore, consumption of such meat may produce infectious disease and is a public health threat as many food poisoning strains of C.perfringens are heat resistant.

Fertility response to fixed time artificial insemination protocol was studied in 45 sub-oestrus buffaloes divided randomly into three groups (n=15). Animals of group-I were administered intravaginal progesterone implant for 7 days along with GnRH (day 0) followed by PGF2andalpha; (day 7). Animals of group-II were administered GnRH (day 0), followed by PGF2andalpha; (day 7) and a second GnRH (day 9). Animals of group-III were treated similar to group-II followed by long acting biphasic Insulin on day 9, 10 and 11. Timed artificial insemination was performed on 10th and 11th day at an interval of 24 hours in all the groups. Based on the intensity of the oestrus signs observed during fixed time artificial insemination the oestrus synchronization was graded as excellent, good, fair, poor and nil. The results revealed better grades of oestrus synchronization in insulin modified Ov-synch protocol (GIII) as compared to the original Ov-synch (GII) and progesterone implant (GI) group. The higher conception rate was recorded in insulin modified Ov-synch (73.33%), followed by progesterone implant (60.00%) and Ov-synch protocol (46.66%).

The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus in retail chicken meat marketed in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates. A total of 120 meat samples were collected from different retail outlets and it was observed that 66.67 (80/120) per cent of the samples were positive for the presence of S. aureus based on biochemical characterization. The S. aureus count in chicken meat samples (160) ranged from 2.8 andtimes; 102 to 1.5 andtimes; 104 CFU/ g with an overall average of 2.98 andtimes; 103 CFU/ g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these isolates against 16 antimicrobials revealed that all the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (100%) followed by Tetracycline (87.50%), Amoxicillin (77.50%), Erythromycin (72.50%), Polymyxin- B (70%), Cefoxitin (67.50%), Novobiocin (67.50%), Oxacillin (65%) and Ciprofloxacin (50%). Majority of the chicken isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin (92.50%), followed by Vancomycin (87.50%), Chloramphenicol (82.50%), Neomycin (80%), Kanamycin (77.50%), Co-trimoxazole (62.50%) and Methicillin (55%). Results of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index revealed that 99.38 per cent of the isolates (119/120) had MAR index of above 0.2 and only one isolate had index below 0.2. The results clearly indicated higher prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in retail Chicken meat from public health point and the level of hygiene prevalent in these outlets.

A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and mortality pattern of 275 chicks of two ecotype viz., comb and crown sex wise which were obtained in six hatches at Instructional Poultry Farm of G.B.P.U.A. andamp; T., Pantnagar. In the present study overall mortality in a period of 24th weeks in comb female and crown female ecotypes were 12.6 and 10.4 per cent, while in comb male and crown male were 8.5 and 6.8 per cent, respectively. There was no significant (Pandlt;0.05) difference of day old body weight of the chicks between two ecotypes of Uttara fowl. The results revealed that there was significant (Pandlt;0.05) difference in body weight at 4th and 12th weeks of age between the male comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl. Also there was significant (Pandlt;0.05) difference in 16th weeks body weight between the female comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl. Significant (Pandlt;0.05) differences in 20th and 24th weeks body weights between the males of crown and comb ecotypes of Uttara fowl as well as in female of both ecotypes. Highest 24th week body weight was found in comb male (1780.18andplusmn;34.69) than the crown male (1699.43andplusmn;33.49) followed by crown female (1484.22andplusmn;19.22g) than the comb female (1389.12andplusmn;18.85 g). Average body weights at first egg in comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl differed significantly from each other. Thus Uttarafowl has lower mortality rate and comparable body weights with that of other indigenous breeds of chicken.

Sex fixing of mammalian progenies is one of the most fascinating subjects ever reported and it can be a formidable tool in increasing dairy productivity as well as ensuring considerable economic and social benefits. There have been many recorded attempts to produce sexed off-springs in mammals and most of them involved semen sexing methodologies. The present methodology involves a novel in vivo technology duly patented and which uses the administration of a liquid dosage form which has active ingredients like monosodium ethanoate and ethanoic acid which when given orally to females of dairy animals; yields female off-springs with impressive success rate. A huge trial of this methodology was conducted in real field conditions in Gujarat and the outcome was impressive.

Immune complex (Icx) vaccine is an antigen-antibody complex which will engage all immunocytes with Fc binding capabilities, enhance early maturation and B memory cell formation. In vitro preformed Icx have been shown to be 100 times more efficient in inducing humoral immune response in vivo than the native protein antigen. In present study, immune complexes were prepared by mixing varying quantities of HPS virus with different concentrations of egg derived immunoglobulins (IgY). The efficacy of immune complex formulations as vaccine was checked in broiler birds. The Icx vaccinated birds exhibited protection in the range of 53.4% to 66.7% following challenge with virulent HPS virus. Birds vaccinated with 40 and 80 units of IgY with 100 TCID50 HPS virus did not shed virus in feces following challenge and induced better antibody response. No significant change in body weight gain was observed between survived birds from vaccinated and control groups. The study showed that immune complex vaccines significantly reduced the mortality and stopped the excretion of the virus in feces thus afforded protection and prevented the horizontal transmission of virus by oral-fecal route.

The aim of present study was to assess the genetic diversity, genetic distance and establish genetic relationship between Palla, Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Macherla brown strains of Nellore sheep breed from their breeding tracts in Andhra Pradesh, India based on 24 ovine specific microsatellite markers so as to support breed conservation and improvement decisions. All used microsatellites were amplified well and exhibited polymorphism. A total of 200 unrelated DNA samples from Palla, Jodipi, Nellore brown and Macherla brown strains of Nellore sheep breed were genotyped to find out within and between strain genetic diversity indices. The mean number of alleles (11.71); effective number of alleles (8.74) reflected the existence of substantial amount of diversity among the strains. The mean value of Shannon index is 2.25, which clearly indicates high gene diversity within populations. Observed and expected heterozygosity in the populations were found to be 0.35 and 0.88 respectively. The mean estimates of FIS, FST and FIT were 0.890, 0.039 and 0.895 respectively. The Neiandrsquo;s standard and D-genetic estimates using UPGMA method revealed low genetic distance and high genetic identity among the strains of Nellore sheep. All the four strains were genetically distinct and divided into three clusters with low degree of admixture at k = 4 based on Structure analysis. Ewans-Watterson test was conducted to test the neutrality of microsatellites. The rate of gene flow (Nm) between different strains of Nellore sheep was found to be 5.72.

The present study was conducted on eight numbers of 0 and 7 day old neonatal piglets consisting of four animals in each group, irrespective of sex. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase have been investigated in the small intestine by means of light microscopic histochemistry. The reactivity of alkaline phosphatase was intense in absorptive epithelium, dome epithelium (DE) of the small intestine. The T-cell area and the neck portion of the lymphoid follicle showed a positive reaction. This activity was moderate in dome and follicular area of Peyerandrsquo;s patches whereas weak to negative activity was observed in interfollicular area and glandular epithelium throughout all segments of the small intestine in both the groups. The acid phosphatase activity was intense in glandular epithelium and absorptive epithelium; strong in dome area of Peyerandrsquo;s patches and FAE; moderate in follicular and interfollicular areas of Peyerandrsquo;s patches of small intestine.

The study was conducted to assess the extent of urea adulteration in raw milk sold in seven divisions of Rajasthan. Total 1650 raw milk samples were collected from animal farm, milk vendors, milk pooling booth of dairies and sweet shops (Halwai) from different division of Rajasthan and carry out to quantitative estimation of urea. Every division of Rajasthan showed the urea adulteration at some extent. The highest concentration of urea adulteration was 3.04andplusmn;1.08 mg/ml with minimum concentration of 0.7 mg/ml and maximum concentration of 6.8 mg/ml in Kota Division. While the lowest concentration of urea adulteration was 1.27andplusmn;0.3 mg/ ml with minimum concentration of 1 mg/ml and maximum concentration of 1.7 mg/ml in Bhartpur division.

The present experiment has been planned to study the association of different genetic variants of andalpha;S2-Casein gene (CSN1S2) with lactation length (days), fat (%) and protein (%) in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle. The analysis of variance for different genotypes of andalpha;S2-casein gene in four breeds of cattle was found significant (Pandlt;0.01) for lactation length (LL) trait. Significantly higher LL was recorded in AA genotype of HF crossbred, while, the lowest LL was noticed in AB genotype of Nimari. The mean LL between AA and AB genotype of Malvi, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle showed non-significant difference. The higher mean fat (%) was noticed for AA genotype than AB genotype of Malvi and Nimari, however, in HF crossbred higher fat (%) was observed for AB genotype. The mean fat (%) between AA and AB genotypes showed non-significant difference in Malvi, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle but the mean protein per cent was significantly higher in Malvi and Nimari and non-significantly higher in HF crossbred for AB genotype as compared to AA genotype. Among the different genotypes of all four breeds of cattle, significantly higher protein per cent was recorded in Nimari for AB genotyped animals.

An investigation was carried out to study the housing and health care management practices of urban and peri urban dairy farmers in and around Hyderabad city of Telangana. A total of 100 dairy farmers from both areas were purposively selected for the study by following three stage stratified random sampling technique. The data were collected by using a pretested structured interview schedule through personal contact. In this study, majority of famers provided loose housing with pucca floor, manger and drainage in the sheds. Majority (64.0%) of peri-urban dairy farmers used asbestos sheets as roofing material compared to the urban dairy farmers who have used cement concrete roofing (48.0%). A significant (Pandlt;0.01) association was observed between housing system, type of house, roofing material, space provided and study area, respectively. Majority of the dairy farmers in urban and peri urban areas didnandrsquo;t follow the vaccination schedule. Majority dairy farmers consulted the veterinarian for treatment of sick animals and had the knowledge of common diseases in the study area. More than half (59.0%) of dairy farmers dewormed their calves within 14 days of birth. The practice of de ticking of animals was significantly (Pandlt;0.01) higher in peri urban (74.0%) area than urban area. Isolation of sick animals was practiced by majority of peri urban farmers (50.0%) than urban farmers (16.0%).

A study was conducted to estimate the different types of losses in sheep and goat during transport from shandy to slaughter house both in summer and winter seasons. Pre-slaughter losses were documented and different practices adapted in two different types of short (about 20 kms) and long (about 150 kms) distance transportation in the present study. A weight loss of 0.95 and 0.98 per cent was recorded in winter and summer seasons during short distance. A weight loss of 3.02 and 3.18 per cent was recorded in winter and summer seasons respectively during long distance transport of 150km which were lesser than earlier findings. There is no significant difference in total injuries, per cent actual weight loss in live animals, dead animals on arrival, weight loss due to excreta, total weight loss during winter and summer seasons in both types of transport. Some other observations also made like time of transit, average feed withdrawal time and average age of animals. Further, study revealed no significant difference in temperature and relative humidity observed in shandies and in transport vehicle between winter and summer seasons which might be due to transportation of animals in early morning hours in both the seasons. The lower losses in weight and mortality rate observed in this study may be correlated to the fact that the temperature and relative humidity of the transport environment were within the comfort zone of the animals.

Calf diarrhea is one of the most important causes for losses to the dairy farmers. In order to access the losses, epidemiological study was conducted to study the effect of age, season, sex, parity and other factors on calf diarrhea. In the study, it was found that highest incidence of diarrhea cases was found in winter season, where as species wise more number of cases were found in buffalo calves as compared to cow calves. Birth weight wise both the incidence and mortality was higher (34.1 and 7.6 per cent, respectively) in 20 andndash; 25 Kg birth weight category. Sex wise higher incidence for calf diarrhea and mortality was recorded in male calves in comparison to female calves, where as age wise both the incidence and mortality due to calf diarrhea was higher in 11 - 20 days age group and with dam parity wise both the incidence and mortality for calf diarrhea was recorded in calves born in first and second parity.

Three different levels (1%, 3% and 5%) of noni juice were attempted in the formulation of low sodium reduced fat meat emulsion to explore the possibility of its utilization as antioxidants in functional chevon patties. The product was evaluated for various quality characteristics and sensory attributes. The pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value were significantly (Pandlt;0.05) lower and cooking yield was higher in treatment compared to control. Mineral contents did not differ significantly (Pandgt;0.05) in either of the treatment. Springiness increased and cohesiveness decreased gradually and become significant (Pandlt;0.05) at treatment NJ3 (patties added with 5% noni juice). Lightness (L*) value decreased with addition of noni juice and differ significantly (Pandlt;0.05) at treatment NJ2 (patties added with 3% noni juice) and NJ3 compared to control. Sensory scores for NJ2 were either comparable or higher as compared to control. Therefore noni juice at 3% may suitably be used for the development of functional chevon patties without affecting its quality and sensory attributes.

Present study recorded pathomorphology of 10 cases (2.16%) infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in slaughtered goats that has caused suppurative bronchopneumonia accompanied by lymphadenitis. The lungs lesion was characterized by either formation of caseo-calcified nodules of multiple abscesses or fully lungs lobes replaced with cheesy greenish pus. The enlargement of mediastinal lymph node was recorded with greenish yellow inspissated pus giving the characteristic spherical onion-skin appearance. Histopathologically, the lung sections were characterized by a central caseo-necrotic core admixed bacterial colonies and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, plasma cell and macrophages. The bacterial culture isolation was confirmed the bacteria as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

A study was conducted on Effect of different levels of concentrate mixture feeding on milk composition in Sirohi goats. The experiment was conducted at RKVY Goat unit, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) during November 2016 to May, 2017. Twenty four lactating Sirohi goats (36.2andplusmn;0.7 kg) were taken to investigate the effect of different levels of concentrate mixture feeding on milk composition in Sirohi goats. The total duration of feeding experiment was 90 days. Apart from daily grazing, concentrate mixture feeding were given to Sirohi goats in ratio of 0.00 gm (T1), 100gm (T2), 200gm (T3) and 300gm (T4) respectively with Prosopis cineraria dry leaves (Khejri) ad libitum. The results revealed that the Sirohi goats showed significantly (Pandlt;0.05) higher milk composition in T4 than T3, T2 and control T1. The overall means of milk composition for fat % was found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 3.91, 3.62, 3.40 and 3.17%. The solid-not fat % was found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 10.29, 9.75, 9.29 and 8.62%. The total solid % was also found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 14.73, 13.36, 12.70 and 10.78% respectively. It was observed that with increasing amount in feeding ratio was successive increase in milk composition. The present results help to conclude that there is a certain beneficial effect of concentrate mixture feeding on daily fat %, solid not fat %, total solid % and overall means of milk composition performance during lactation period in Sirohi goats.

Corpus luteum (CL) serves as marker to ascertain the stages of cyclicity as well as to diagnose acyclic condition in the farm animals. Accordingly, we studied the cellular components and functional aspects of CL in relation to cyclicity with the buffalo ovaries (n=32) collected from slaughter house. The paired ovary samples (n=8, per stage) were categorized as early luteal (EL, day 1-5), mid luteal (ML, day 6-14) and late luteal (LL, day 15-21) and acyclic stage based on the gross ovarian dating. Histological changes of cellular differentiation of the CL were assessed using Handamp;E staining and progesterone concentration in the luteal extract and peripheral circulation was measured by RIA method. A significantly higher (4.22 fold) proportion of small luteal cells were observed at ML (376.58andplusmn;11.65) as compared to EL (89.35andplusmn;5.54) and decreased thereafter in LL (57.40andplusmn;3.02) stage. However, maximum number of large luteal cells was also found in ML (74.38andplusmn;2.02) in contrast to EL (15.11andplusmn;1.86) and LL (22.17andplusmn;1.68). Further, serum and luteal progesterone was found maximum at ML stage and there was a significant (r=0.998) positive correlation. This study indicates maximum functional activity of CL was at ML stage in the buffalo.

Equine sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumors distributed world-wide which affects horses, donkeys and mules. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is causally associated with equine sarcoid with genetic, fly vectors and skin trauma identified as potential predisposing factors for development of the disease. The methods of transmission are contamination of the environment with subsequent trauma; infection of the skin direct or indirect transmission from affected animals; biting, rubbing, fomites or management practices and face flies. Dermatophytis, chronic skin rubbing, equine papilomatosis, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma and granulation tissue are the common differential diagnoses of equine sarcoids. Clinical examination, histopathology, detection of BPVDNA by PCR, electron microscope and immunohistochemistry are the diagnostic technique of equine sarcoid. The histopathological characteristics of sarcoids, found that the classic epithelial changes of hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, elongated rete pegs and picket fence. Treatment of equine sarcoids are challenging for the veterinarians due to the variable clinical presentation of the lesions and the frequent local recurrences. Both surgical and non-surgical techniques are used for the treatment of equine sarcoids with variable success rates. None of the current treatment techniques for equine sarcoid have been proven to be 100% successful. Awareness enhancement to make equine owners, prevention of fly contact, use of breeding from those individuals that are andlsquo;immuneandrsquo;, high genetic resistance, early diagnosis and treatment of any confirmed lesions are the most valuable prevention methods for equine sarcoids. The objectives of this paper is to review on equine sarcoid and to assess current techniques employed for diagnosis and prevention of equine sarcoid

The study was undertaken to assess the ovarian and fertility responses following ovulation of dominant follicle (DF) from second follicular wave (2nd FW) through application of modified synchronization protocols in 46 cyclic postpartum buffaloes. All buffaloes were administered PGF2andalpha; (PGF; Cloprostenol, 500 mcg) on day -2, gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH; Buserelin) on days 0 (10 mcg) and 7 (20 mcg). After that, all buffaloes were randomly divided into 2 groups on the basis of administration of second dose of PGF (500 mcg) on day 14 (Group I, n= 20) and 15 (Group II, n= 26). Third dose of GnRH (10 mcg) was administered on day 16 (Evening) and 17 (Morning) in group I and II, respectively, followed by artificial insemination (AI) at 12-16 h later. The pregnancy diagnosis was performed at day 45 post AI. Progesterone (P4) concentrations remained higher during 2FW in buffaloes that became pregnant compared to nonpregnant ones. A larger (Pandlt;0.01) diameter of the DF was observed on day of third GnRH and AI in group II compared to group I buffaloes. A comparable corpus luteum (CL) diameter was observed on all days of protocols in both groups. Ovulatory response following last GnRH administration and first AI pregnancy rate were 90 vs. 96 % and 35 vs. 46 % in group I vs. II, respectively. In conclusion, ovarian and fertility responses following ovulation of DF from 2nd FW showed an improved trend in buffaloes where growth of DF was extended by delaying the luteolysis.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase A (ACACA) is a rate limiting enzyme and plays a crucial role in the production of precursors of fatty acid biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to analyse the expression levels of ACACA at different ages of juvenile stage in one control layer (CL) chicken strain. As the birds are slow growing, the expression of the gene exhibited an increasing trend. A negative correlation has been found between body weight and mRNA expression of the gene at 6 weeks of age indicating complete utilization of energy for growth. When compared to day 1 expression, gene expression was up-regulated by 1.5, 10.5 and 10.8 folds at day 14, 28 and 42 of the birds, respectively. It is concluded that the expression of ACACA gene was increased gradually as age progressed during juvenile stage in layer chicken.

Brucellosis is a major cause of direct economic losses resulting from clinical disease, abortion, neonatal losses, reduced fertility, decreased milk production, emergency slaughtering of infected animals and treatment costs. It is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Brucella spp. and humans are accidental hosts. A total of 600 sera samples from goats (n=470), sheep (n=30) and in contact human (n=100) were collected from the five districts of Chhattisgarh, India and tested for the presence of anti-brucella antibodies. The overall prevalence of brucellosis in goats and sheep was found 14.00%, 11.20% and 6.66% by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA respectively. In case of human, 7.00%, 4.00% and 0% sera samples were found positive by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA respectively. The sero-prevalance was significantly higher in female than in male animals by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA whereas higher sero-prevalence was recorded in man than in woman by RBPT and STAT. The sero-prevalence of brucellosis was higher in adult animals than young animals. Poor awareness about the disease and lack of vaccination plan for small ruminants pose a serious risk for small ruminants as well as their owners.

The present study describes pathological findings in 25 cases of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) infection. Out of 462 goats carcass examination, in which 262 cases were from slaughtered animals and 200 cases were from fallen animals. On post mortem examination, pathological findings included erosive ulcerative stomatitis, severe haemorrhagic enteritis along with enlarged mesenteric lymph node. The large intestine of affected animals showed pathognomonic haemorrhages like zebra striping (zebra marking) and ecchymotic haemorrhages in abomasum. Histopathological lesions were characterized by syncytial cell formation, infiltration of mononuclear cells with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in alveolar macrophages of lungs section. Gross and histopathological lesions were suggestive for PPR infection, which was further confirmed from the specialized PPR laboratory in Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand) Regional Station of ICAR, IVRI using s-ELISA.

For as long as man has been on earth he wonders who he is where he comes from and why he acts the way he does. It would seem that much of human history has resulted from mans efforts to answer these questioning, because of the limits of his knowledge and technology, man throughout most of his history, has been unable to date concerning his own behavior and background. Hence, the has relied bodies of myth and folklore to answer these questions. Anthropology, as it has emerged over the last two hundred years is the scientific approach to answering mans questions about him. Even the early Anthropologists were led by their research to a realization of the social functional of religion. The study of totemic is points up this tendency. Thomism is based on the division of the whole world into those thing which are profane, or have no spirit was value for the Elam or tribe and these which are sacred. Not only gods spirits and sacred indeed, according to sociologist Emile Durkheim a rock, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a world anything can be sacred.