Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES), an acute, febrile, infectious viral disease of pigs derives its significance in veterinary medicine from its first detection in Southern California, USA in 1932 having clinically look-a-like features with three other prevalent porcine vesicular diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV). The causative agent belongs to the genus Vesivirus in the family Caliciviridae. VESV serotypes are highly infectious in swine with morbidity of up to 90%. The spread of VES occurs chiefly in three ways: the feeding of raw garbage containing infected raw pork scraps, direct contact with infected swine, and contact with mechanical carriers, including people and vehicles. Vesicular lesions in the oral cavity on the epithelium of the snout, lips, nostrils, tongue, feet and mammary glands, soles, coronary bands and interdigital areas of the feet with lameness were the hallmark of disease in all species. Vesicles alike to those of FMD, VS and SVD are observed in VES, hence all these diseases are considered for differential diagnosis of VES. Clinical materials from vesicles e.g., vesicular fluid, epithelium covering vesicle should be collected in sterile glycerol phosphate buffer solution for diagnosis using molecular techniques. VESV can be readily propagated in mammalian cell cultures of African green monkey kidney or pig kidney cells. No vaccine was developed for VES. Being eradicated, there is no current threat of VES.

Oxidative stress (OS) occurs as the equilibrium shifts toward an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A disproportion between free radical species or prooxidants and bodyandrsquo;s capacity to scavenge them causes OS. ROS and antioxidants sojourn a state of equilibrium in the body. ROS are vital indicator molecules in physiological, functional and pathological processes of the female reproductive tract. ROS have an outcome on various physiological and reproductive processes, including oocyte maturation, fertilisation, embryo formation, and pregnancy. The age-linked decrease in fertility is impacted by OS. Antioxidants can shield the ovarian epithelium from oxidative impairment and DNA loss. The pathophysiology of endometriosis, preeclampsia, unexplained infertility, abortions, free radical-induced birth defects are linked to the OS in female reproduction. The aetiology of female reproductive disorders shows composite interaction between OS and cytokines. The amount of OS biomarkers helps in detecting disorders in female reproduction. This review discusses the OS-associated female infertility, OS management and early action for the avoidance of reproductive disorders and the antioxidant interventions that can be prescribed as add-on to correct the female reproductive disorders.

The study focused on the Myf6 gene associated with myogenesis, investigating its genetic variations and evolutionary dynamics

in Large White Yorkshire and Non-descript pigs from Punjab. This study focused on the Myf6 gene, a crucial regulator of myogenesis, to explore its genetic variations, evolutionary dynamics, and functional significance across species. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels, with a transversion mutation identified in Non-descript pigs in the intronic region of intron 2, potentially influencing gene expression through intron-mediated regulation. These findings offer genomic selection potential for breeding pigs with desired meat traits. The identified Myf6 variations could serve as markers for efficient breeding, benefiting pig production. Additionally, genetic characterization aids Non-descript pig conservation and management. This study informs Myf6 evolution, breeding strategies, and indigenous breed preservation.