Milk derived peptides may adversely affect the biological health of humans by increasing the risk of dependency on insulin to overcome the occurrence of diabetes. The higher occurrence of the diabetes relies on the relationship of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the consumption of variants A1 and B beta andndash;casein from cowandrsquo;s milk. The production of BCM-7 is more in A1 milk than A2 milk and the difference is basically due to position 67 of the beta casein chain. However, proline in A2 is substituted by andnbsp;histidine in A1 milk casein chain. Deleterious effects of A1 milk in the process of digestion in human stomach and intestines

have not been reviewed earlier. It is an effort to review the aspect thoroughly and bring minor details into focus to have better understanding of the milk particularly in perspective of human health.

Clinical mastitis is a most common disease in dairy herds causing huge economic losses directly to farmers and indirectly to Indian dairy sector. However, systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of clinical mastitis in cows in India has not been published so far. The aim of the present study was to provide the pooled estimate of the prevalence of clinical mastitis in crossbred cows in India by conducting the literature search for the period of 1995-2014. Meta-analysis using data records of 17873 crossbred cows and 7737 udder quarters from total of 17 published studies was done in R software. It was found that the pooled estimates of clinical mastitis in crossbred cows under cow-basis and quarter-basis was 16.08% (95% CI 11.69, 21.72) and 11.71% (95% CI 6.60, 19.94), respectively. High variation in prevalence estimates between studies indicated that several factors infl uence occurrence of clinical mastitis. It is suggested that systematic review and meta-analysis using large number of studies and incorporating several factors can be effi cient tool to update the disease control strategy and will be best resource for researchers to improve future work.

This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) in Cattle, and small ruminant from Grenada, West Indies. The prevalence was determined by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. A total of 920 sera samples, consisting of 132 cattle, 476 sheep and 312 goats were tested. An overall seroprevalence was 7/ 920 (0.76 %; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2% to 1.32%). The bovine 5/132 (3.8%) showed highest Seroprevalance followed ovine 2/476 (0.42%). None of goat samples were seropositive. There was statistically no significant difference in prevalence (p andgt; 0.05) of antibodies to BoHV-1 in cattle, sheep and goats. This is the first report on seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.

A cross- sectional study was conducted from November, 2015 to April, 2016 in Gondar town with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ticks, to investigate their genera and assessing association with the different risk factors such as breed, sex, age, body condition scores, and management system. Adult ticks were collected from 384 cattle from local and cross-breed

cattle. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 287(74.7%) were found to be infested by one or more genera of tick parasites. A total of 919 adult ticks, which belongs to four genera of ticks were collected and identifi ed using stereomicroscopy. In this study Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Boophilus were identifi ed as 27%, 26%, 25.3%, and 21.7% respectively.

The prevalence of male and female animals was found to be 136 (68%) and 151 (82.06%) respectively. According to their management variation animals kept in extensive and intensive farming system were infested with 207 (76.1%) and 80 (71.4%) respectively. The prevalence in local and cross breed was 180 (77.58%) and 107 (70.39%) respectively. The prevalence in young and adult animals was found to be 104 (72.3%) and 183 (76.25%) respectively. Based on their body condition score of animals, poor 176 (75.8%), medium 71 (80.68%) and good body condition 40 (62.5%). In this study there was statistically significant association of infestation rate with the sex of the animals (Pandlt;0.05) and x2=10.042. Special attention should be given to the control and prevention of ticks.

Soybean meal is highly acceptable vegetable protein source in poultry industry, due to this demand of soybean meal is always high. But the increased use of soybean in human being is major challenge andnbsp;of availability for poultry industry. Indegenous breed andldquo;Kadaknathandrdquo; is well known for delicious black fl esh with special capabilities such as aphrodisiac properties, adaptability to local environment, resistance to certain diseases and meat quality. It has been neglected commercially because of its poor production

potential. In an experiment of twelve weeks, one hundred Kadaknath chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups with fi ve replicates, each replicate consisted of ten chicks. One of the two diets was supplemented with cysteine protease @ 250 gm per ton with 4% reduction of crude protein, lysine and methionine. The metabolizable energy was reduced at the level of 50 Kcal per Kg of diet to meet the requirement of the birds as per BIS (2007). Approximately min. 20 kg of soybean meal (45 % CP) was reduced in cysteine protease supplemented diet per ton. The body weight gain and FCR were statistically similar in both groups. The crude protein and crude fat digestibility were signifi cantly (Pandlt;0.05) higher in cysteine protease supplemented

group. Profi tability was numerically higher in cysteine protease group due to reduction of soybean meal in diet. In the above

study, it was concluded that cysteine protease is very economic enzyme to improve performance of birds and fulfi l scarcity of

high protein ingredients like soybean meal.

The present study dealt with cloning and molecular characterization of MIC10 gene of T. gondii Kolkata isolate. TgMIC10 is a small microneme protein that lacks a putative transmembrane domain and appears not to remain associated with the parasite membrane after micronemal discharge. MIC10 gene of T. gondii andldquo;Kolkata isolate was PCR amplified and cloned into a TA cloning vector (Promega) to facilitate sequencing and subsequent characterization. The product revealed 597bp in size and has 99.2% homology with the published sequence. The difference was observed at 22, 210, 235, 378 and 513 positions. When the gene was deduced for amino acids, the homology was 98% with published sequence. The total amino acids number was 198 with predicted mass of 23 kDa molecular weight. The changes were observed at 8, 115 and 171th amino acid positions.

The study was conducted to assess the functional status of CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin) in hepatotoxicity model treated with silymarin and rutin for a period of 14 days in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced with acetaminophen (500 mg/Kg po once daily for 3 days) in adult male Wistar rats in 3 groups. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2, 3 and 4 were administered distilled water

(5 ml/kg po once daily), silymarin (25 mg/Kg po once daily) and rutin (20 mg/Kg po once daily), respectively subsequently for 11 days from the last dose of acetaminophen. On the 15th day, a CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin @ 10 mg/kg po) was administered in all the groups and blood samples were collected at predetermined intervals. Pharmacokinetic interaction studies

were conducted for evaluation of CYP3A4 activity using the specific substrate atorvastatin in all the groups. Mean plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2andbeta;), area under the plasma cconcentration-timecurve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of groups 2 and 4 were signifi cantly (pandlt;0.05) increased and elimination rate constant (andbeta;) was signifi cantly (pandlt;0.05) decreased in acetaminophen treated group as comparison to the normal control group. The kinetic profile of silymarin-treated group 3 was comparable to group 1 for single dose study. All the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin revealed significant correlations between hepatotoxic control and rutin treated group, while silymarin treated group showed signifi cant alterations in the kinetic profile suggesting its hepatoprotective effect.

The study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 in Bahir Dar and its surrounding areas, north-western Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis and its associated risk factors. A cross sectional study was conducted on coproscopical, abattoir examination to bovine schistosomosis and retrospective study three years health institution record to assess human schistosomiasis. A total of 400 cattle were examined, 300 cattle for field survey and 100 cattle for abattoir survey. From the 300 cattle, 24.3 %( n=73) were found for schistosoma bovis on coproscopic examination. The prevalence of schistosomosis with regarded to body conditions was found 10.3% (poor), 12.3% (medium) and 1.7% (good) and has also statistically signifi cant difference (p= 0.00). The prevalence of the disease was higher in local breed cattle (24.9%) than cross breed cattle (Local x Holstein-Friesian) (18.52%). The prevalence of the disease in was higher in extensive management system (25.18%) than semi-intensive management system (15.38%). However it has no statistically significant difference (P=0.201) between the two management systems. In the second part of the study, 100 cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar municipal abattoir were examined. Out of these 22 % (n=22) harbored Schistosoma bovis in their mesenteric and portal veins and 10 % (n=10) in coproscopic examination of slaughtered animals. In the third study the infection rate of S. mansoni in human the rate decreases in three consecutive years (2000, 2001, and 2002; 45.1%, 37.0% and 9.8%) respectively. The rate of schistosomiasis was highest in young people (69.0%), adult (15.3%) and old people (7.5%).

Differential expression of gga-miR-142-3p microRNA of haemopoeitic origin during immune organ development and functional stages in chicken embryos opens the new avenue towards understanding its pivotal role during embryonic developmental stages. To decipher the role of gga-miR-142-3p, in-ovo knockdown was carried out with locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifi ed antimiR- gga-miR-142-3p via, intravenous route at developmental and functional stages of these immune organ and visceral organs. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that predicted gene TGFandbeta;2 have conserved binding sites at 3andrsquo;UTR for gga-miR-142-3p which is involved in immune response and signal transduction during the embryonic developmental stage in the chicken embryos. TGFandbeta;2 was evaluated as validate targets of gga-miR-142-3p by employing qPCR SYBR green based technology which was evidenced by aberrant expression of targeted gene, which could alter the postnatal development and functions of these immune organs and may lead to immune compromised chickens.

The present study was aimed to see the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as semen additives during cryopreservation of Hariana Bull semen. Twenty four ejaculates from two Hariana bulls extended with glycerolated egg yolk tris (GEYT). Extended samples were split into three aliquots. One aliquot was kept as control while other two aliquots were supplemented with 0.5 mM (T1) and 1.0 mM (T2) of BHT. All semen samples were equilibrated and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen vapours and subsequently plunged in liquid nitrogen for preservation. The effect of BHT was determined by assessment of sperm viability

and acrosomal integrity at three stages i.e. after dilution, pre-freeze and post andndash;thaw. Our study revealed that addition of 1.0 mM of BHT results in a signifi cant (pandlt;0.05) improvement in sperm viability and acrosomal integrity during cryopreservation.

Twenty-two weeks old Babcock layer chickens (324) were randomly allocated to 9 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 12 birds in each to study and compare the effect of Cr from three sources (inorganic, organic or nano) at two different dosage level on performance, mineral retention and tissue mineral accumulation in layer chickens. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. The control group (T1) was given with the standard layer diet while the other groups were supplemented with Cr at 200 andmicro;g/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T2, organic CrProp-T4, CrPic-T6 and nanoCr-T8) and 400 andmicro;g/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T3, organic CrProp-T5, CrPic-T7 and nanoCr-T9) diets. Neither the source nor the level of Cr supplement had significant effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production and egg weight during the study period. The organic and nanoCr supplementation significantly (Pandlt;0.05) increased the retention of Cr, Zn, Fe, Ca and P without influencing Cu retention. NanoCr and organic CrPic/CrProp (400 andmicro;g/kg) increased the concentration of Cr and Zn in plasma, liver and egg shell, Ca in liver and egg shell and Zn in egg

yolk. It may be concluded that organic or nanoCr supplementation (400andmicro;g/kg) in the diet improved the retention and tissue accumulation of minerals in layer chickens.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of molasses feeding on biochemical and hormonal parameters in Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers under two feeding regimes, i.e. feeding regime-1, as per the NRC (2001) and feeding regime-2 having 15 % higher energy (supplementation of molasses) than NRC (2001). Twelve healthy heifers (18-24 month) of each Sahiwal

and Karan Fries were selected from Livestock Research Centre (LRC) of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (ICARNDRI). An initial 15 days were maintained as adaptation period for both feeding regimes. Actual experiment was conducted from 16th day onward for next 15 days. Blood samples were taken on 1st, 7th, 14th, 15th, and 16th day of each feeding regimes and

analysed for various biochemical and hormonal parameters. The plasma glucose, Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4) were significantly (pandlt;0.05) higher during feeding regimes-2 as compared to feeding regimes-1 in both the breeds, while the plasma BUN levels were signifi cantly lower during feeding regimes-2. The plasma NEFA level was found to be higher during feeding regimes-1 as compared to feeding regimes-2 in Sahiwal heifers. It is concluded that molasses supplementation in feed enhances the growth performance and reduces the non esterifi ed fatty acid in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of non-genetic factors on Sub-Clinical Mastitis (SCM) and to investigate the relationships between these factors with Somatic cell count (SCC) in Tharparkar Cattle raised at Livestock Research Center, Chandan, Jaisalmer in Thar desert of Rajasthan, India. Quarter wise milk samples were collected and examined by somatic

cell count to check the status of subclinical mastitis. Data were collected from the record register maintained at farm and data evaluated by Parity, Stage of Lactation and Season of calving by the SPSS packet program. On analysis of variance result revealed that the parity had highly significantly (Pandlt;0.01) effect on SCC. Higher incidence of SCM was in later parities in comparison to primiparous animals. No statistical difference was found between different stages of lactation. Season of calving had significant (Pandlt;0.05) effect on SCC. Lower incidence of SCM and SCC were revealed in summer and winter season of calving as compared to the autumn and rainy season of calving groups. So it can be concluded from the present study that the non-genetic factors like parity, stage of lactation and season of calving have a significant effect on Milk SCC. Thus, dairy farmers are advised to spend more time on their herds and given extra care to their animals in later parity stage, early stage of lactation and in the autumn or rainy season of calving to prevent the infection of sub-clinical mastitis.

The study was conducted to assess the information literacy competencies of pre and final year undergraduate veterinary students and their attitude towards e-learning. The 120 pre-final and final year veterinary students studying at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana were selected randomly and data was collected with the help of a

structural questionnaire consisting of 25 items with respect to concept identifi cation, search strategy, document types, search tools, use of results and e-learning. The study revealed that only 12.5% of the veterinary students belonged to high knowledge level category whereas majority of them 68.3% (Pandlt;0.01) possessed low knowledge towards information literacy competencies. A high percentage of veterinary students lacked the necessary knowledge and skills to identify main concept and significance of words (52.5%), to opt appropriate search strategy (83.1%), to select required document types (42.1%), to utilize efficient search tools (73.8%) and to evaluate and use results (68.8%). Only 18.3% students had ability to use computer as experts. About 62.5% respondents used search engines as e-learning tool. About 87.9 and 89.7% male and female respondents possessed favourable attitude towards use of e-learning tools. Gender and OCPA had no significant association with knowledge level as well as e-learning attitude of veterinary students. The study revealed notable gaps among students towards information literacy competencies and e-learning, hence, teaching of credit-bearing Information Literacy courses is imperative to enhance undergraduate veterinary studentsandrsquo; knowledge and information seeking skills.

Pork sandwich spread incorporated with functional ingredients like honey, vitamin andndash; C and nisin was stored at refrigeration temperature and studied for its shelf life, acceptable in terms of the sensory and microbiological parameters. A highly significant (Pandle;0.01) difference for the appearance, texture, spreadability and adhesionability scores were found signifi cant decrease (P andle; 0.05) for Juiciness and overall acceptability scores was recorded while there was an increased level for the flavor score were even on the 30th day of storage of pork sandwich spread. The remarkable acceptability for the pork sandwich spread was given by the panelists even on 30th day of storage. Total Plate Count (TPC) and Psychrophilic count on 30th day of storage were found to be 2.92 l log cfu/g and 2.21 log cfu/g respectively. The Coliform, Yeast and Mould were not detected throughout the experimental period in the treated sample and it was found safe for consumption.

Present study was conducted in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh to assess the productive and reproductive performances of Local pigs. Various traits of Local pigs were recorded using a relevant proforma. The mean age at puberty in male and female Local pigs was found to be 6.36andplusmn;0.11 months and 7.27andplusmn;0.11 months, respectively while, age at sexual maturity was found to be 7.54andplusmn;0.14 months and 8.55andplusmn;0.11 in male and female Local pig, respectively. The average age at first farrowing, farrowing interval, gestation period, piglet weight at birth, litter size, litter weight at birth and piglet mortality were found to be 12.16andplusmn;0.13 months, 7.10andplusmn;0.30 months, 113.67andplusmn;0.17 days, 0.85andplusmn;0.03 kg, 6.85andplusmn;0.16, 5.83andplusmn;0.18 and 25.15andplusmn;0.79 %, respectively. These recorded traits are useful to characterize Local pigs of Bareilly district an also in the selection of breeding stock for future

parents.

Diarrhoea in buffaloes was most commonly encountered in age group ranged between calf hood to thirteen years and majority of affected animals were more than four years old in their third to fourth lactation with drastic reduction in milk production therefore, causing great economic loss to animal owners. Duration of illness was found to be one day to one year and 57.5% cases were chronic patients. Associated clinical findings revealed slight variations in rectal temperature but an appreciable increase in pulse rate and respiration rate, congested mucus membrane (67.5%) and decreased or absent rumen motility in most of the cases as compared to healthy controls during the course of investigation. Hematological findings in diseased animals revealed signifi cant (p andlt;0.05) anemia, lower hemoglobin, higher DLC showed neutrophilia along with lymphopenia and absence of any haemoprotozoan parasite.

Chittorgarh district from Agroclimatic zone IV-A and Banswara district from zone IV-B was selected for the study of integrated farming systems, as these districts have high potential for development of agriculture and livestock. Multi stage random sampling plan was used in two villages of two different tehsil from each district in such a way that one has highest proportion of irrigated

area and other one have highest share of rainfed area to total net sown area. Fifteen households from each village were selected. Thus a total sample of 120 households was selected, representing 60 households from rainfed and 60 households from irrigated farming systems. There were four farming systems prevalent in the rainfed and irrigated condition of Chittorgarh and Banswara districts. Farming system (FS-I) describes crops + vegetables and crops + dairy cattle forms FS-II. Crops + dairy + goats constituted the FS-III. Crops either supported by poultry or orchards were the part of FS-IV in both the situations of the selected districts. In rainfed and irrigated area of Chittorgarh and Banswara districts households reported as lack of timely availability of good quality seeds, followed by lack of availability of agricultural labour in peak season, low price of farm produce at the time

of harvest and high cost of quality seeds. Constraints faced by households in livestock enterprises in Chittorgarh and Banswara districts were low productivity, non-availability of green fodder, lack of A.I and veterinary facilities and high cost of feed and fodder were the most important constraints.

The investigation was undertaken to study some hormonal parameters in migratory Rambouillet sheep of Jammu (India) during seasonal uphill and downhill migration. Thyroid hormons and cortisol concentrations were analysed in male and female sheep of 1-2 years (young) and 2-4 years (adult) of ages. Non-significant increase of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) levels were recorded during uphill migration. Highest thyroid hormones concentrations were found immediately after reaching the high altitude in all

groups. During downhill migration, thyroid hormone levels increased non-significantly at mid station and remained high at base station as compared to the values of high altitude. Again, non-significant increase of cortisol level was recorded in both uphill and downhill migration in all the groups. The cortisol and thyroid hormone levels were found higher in young as compared to adult sheep. The cortisol levels were found higher in female animals, whereas non-significantly higher thyroid hormone levels were recorded in male animals.

The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of Bovine Tropical Theileriosis (BTT) caused by the protozoan parasite, Theileria annulata in cattle. Animals were screened on the basis of clinical signs like fever, anorexia, with or without superfi cial lymph node enlargement, blood smear and lymph node biopsy examination for presence of Theileria annulata. Out of 150 cattle screened, 35 (23.33%) were found to be positive for Tropical theileriosis. The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis was higher in female (25.45%) than male (17.5%). The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis in cattle in respect to age showed highest prevalence (24.34%) in adult cattle of above 3 years age, followed by 23.80 % in the age group of 1 to 3 years and 14.28% in 0 to 1 year. The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis in respect to breed was maximum in HF cross (29.85 %) followed by 23.33 % in Jersey cross, 15.38 % in Sahiwal, and 14.81% in Gir.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii on the follicular development in delayed pubertal Sahiwal heifers. A total of 14 anoestrus Sahiwal heifers with a mean age of 32.85 andplusmn; 0.86 months and were divided in to two groups viz. Group-1 (G-1) (n=8) and Group-2 (G-2) (n=6). Heifers in G-1 were treated with shade dried

grinded leaves in combination in concentrate mixture for 9 days after dose extrapolation from the effective 50% ethanolic extract dose in rats (i.e. 1000 mg/ Kg b. wt.) showing optimum ovarian function. Heifers in G-2 were not given any treatment. All the heifers were monitored by a trans-rectal USG scanner in alternate day for 10 occasions. At pretreatment, the difference

in the mean number of total follicles and diameter of Largest follicles (LFs) between the groups remained (Pandgt;0.05) similar. However, on herb supplementation, the mean size of LFs (12.8 mm) increased (Pandlt;0.001) signifi cantly as compared to control (8.70 mm). The growth rate of LF was faster (Pandlt; 0.05) in herbs treated (0.55 mm/day) than control (0.25 mm/day) heifers. The

mean number of total follicles prior to treatment and each day of scanning remained similar between the groups (Pandgt; 0.05). Results revealed that in the delayed pubertal heifers, the follicular development continues and the number of total follicles at any day remained constant. It was concluded that supplementation of Aegle marmelos and Murraya Koenigii can infl uence the

growth processes of LF by the attainment of dominance, accelerated growth rate, preovulatory size and the process of ovulation.

Administration of enzymes and Probiotics in fattening rabbits improved growth performance and reduced the morbidity and mortality rate. Apart from Probiotics, enzymes are most important protein molecules which catalyze and improve acceleration of feed digestion. Therefore, keeping the above points in view the present study was undertaken to study the effect of enzymes

and probiotics on body weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of nutrients. Thirty weaned healthy broiler rabbits with comparable body weights were selected and randomly allotted into three dietary treatments (T1, T2 and T3) of 10 animals each. The effect of enzymes and probiotics on growth performance of broiler rabbits was studied. During the 12th weeks feeding

trial, the cumulative daily weight gain of rabbits were 19.30 andplusmn; 2.52, 20.25 andplusmn; 2.46 and 19.70 andplusmn; 2.56 g /day/rabbit under T1, T2 and T3 respectively. It was observed that there was signifi cant (p andlt; 0.05) difference between enzyme and control group. The average weekly body weight gain recorded at the end of the trial (during 12thweek) was 2097.5 andplusmn; 65, 2177.2 andplusmn; 77 and 2131.10

andplusmn; 70 g rabbit under T1, T2 and T3 respectively. It was observed that there was highly signifi cant (p andlt; 0.01) difference between enzyme and control group. Addition of enzymes helps in improving the body weight gain. Hence, can be added to rabbit feed. The following recommendations can be made from the present study that enzyme and probiotics play a very important role in development of immunity against diseases.

Small ruminants play an important role in the rural economy of Jammu and Kashmir, as they are primarily reared by resource poor and under-privileged rural population. Every rural household is associated with livestock. Small ruminants rearing in the upper reaches of Jammu and Kashmir is a basic livelihood for Bakarwals who migrate with the livestock to green pastures. The

present study conducted in District Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir State was an endaveour to know about the livestock profile of the respondents, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by bakarwals while rearing the small ruminants. Thus, the main objective of this study is to make a SWOT analysis based on the evaluation of some important parameters of sustainability of small ruminants in the farm conditions.

A field investigation was carried out to find out etiology for high morbidity and moderate mortality (7.50 %) in a desi chicken farm with strength of 3000 birds at the age of 12 weeks, which were reared in the deep litter system at Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The clinical signs noticed were ruffled feathers, weakness, anorexia and blood stained whitish to brownish diarrhoea and sudden mortality of healthy birds at the age of 12 weeks. Autopsy revealed that distended small intestine with red and white focal lesion on the serosal surface, fi lled with blood, mucus and tissue debris. The microscopic examination confirmed the presence of Eimeria necatrix. The fl ock was treated with amprolium hydrochloride with vitamin K and the mortality reduced and the fl ock recovered completely on 5th day of treatment. Though, the desi chicken is deemed to be resistant to coccidiosis, the breed upgradation, wet deep litter condition and poor ventilation might play the important role in the coccidiosis outbreak among desi chickens.

A total of 150 postpartum (28 to 45 days) apparently healthy buffalo with normal calving history and free from peripartum disorders from college livestock farm and organized dairy farms in and around Jabalpur were screened. After recording history all the animals were subjected to gynaeco-clinical examination, White side test and endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique. On the basis of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) percentage the animals were divided into different groups of normal, clinical and sub-clinical endometritic buffaloes. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique in different groups (normal, clinical and sub-clinical endometritic buffaloes) revealed PMN percentage to be 4.34andplusmn;1.85, 35.35andplusmn;3.43 and 21.17andplusmn;0.45%, respectively. The difference between the groups was signifi cant (pandlt;0.05). Fibroblasts count was recorded as 0.20andplusmn;0.09 and 12.33andplusmn;1.61% in subclinical

and clinical endometritic buffaloes while fi broblasts were not observed in endometrial smears of normal buffaloes. The difference was signifi cant (pandlt;0.05) between the groups. It was concluded that endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique was easy and accurate method to diagnose subclinical endometritis in postpartum Murrah buffaloes.

Two hundred lactating animals (158 cattle and 42 buffaloes) of organized and unorganized farms were investigated for the bovine TB using comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) and IFN-andgamma; assay. CITT was performed using avian and bovine PPD and IFN-andgamma; assay by Mycobacterium bovis gamma interferon test kit. Overall, 14.5% and 11.5% animals were found positive by CITT and IFN-andgamma; assay, respectively. However, 22.5% animals were detected TB positive through combination of both the tests. So, both CITT and IFN-andgamma; assay, when used together lead to more accurate screening for bovine TB in dairy herd.

The present study was conducted to assess the endocrine status of serum testosterone, estradiol and thyroid hormones in good fertility breeding buffalo bulls and their male calves. Fifteen buffalo bulls were categorized into good fertility bulls on the basis of semen evaluation and reproductive history. Thirty one male calves were selected from these fi fteen buffalo bulls. Average testosterone concentration was higher (pandlt;0.05) in adult buffalo bulls than male calves (2.93 andplusmn; 0.44 ng/ml versus 1.20 andplusmn; 0.35 ng/ ml). Similarly estradiol concentration in adult buffalo bull was (pandlt;0.05) higher (51.66 andplusmn; 2.54 pg/ml) as compared to male calves (15.352 andplusmn; 2.47 pg/ml). Serum TSH was found higher (pandlt;0.05) in adult buffalo bulls(18.83 andplusmn; 4.15 andmicro;IU/ml) than their male calves (7.08 andplusmn; 2.48 andmicro;IU/ml) but serum concentrations of T3 and T4 were similar in adult buffalo bull and their male calves (5.84 andplusmn; 0.60 ng/ml and 4.96 andplusmn; 0.52 andmicro;g/dl versus 3.73 andplusmn; 0.38 ng/ml and 3.34 andplusmn; 0.29 andmicro;g/dl, respectively)

The data for the Present investigation were analyzed from records (1999-2008) of Magra Sheep research fl ock maintained with CSWRI, ARC, Bikaner. Records of 1638 Magra lambs for growth performance was analyzed to assess the impact genetic group, period of birth, sex and parity. The overall least-squares means were observed for average daily gain in body weight during 0-3, 3-6, 6-12 and 0-12 months of age were estimated as 124.20 andplusmn; 1.135, 78.88 andplusmn; 1.792, 32.99 andplusmn; 0.895 and 68.52 andplusmn; 0.745 gm/day, respectively. Effect of sire, period and sex were found highly signifi cant on weight gain. The parity had signifi cant effect on

average daily gain in body weight during 0-3 and 3-6 but non-signifi cant during 6-12 and 0-12. Regression of damandrsquo;s weight at lambing had highly signifi cant effect except average daily gain 3-6 months of age.