The present study examined effect of age of consumers on consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in various zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A questionnaire/interview schedule was designed comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene. A total sample size of 800 respondents was taken and the survey was conducted by dividing Ludhiana city into four imaginary zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV by using a random sampling method. Consumers of three different age groups (<25, 25-35, and >35) were assessed and it was observed that irrespective of any age group, the preference for poultry meat was significantly higher. The respondents in younger age group were frequent meat eaters and had higher preference for processed products. More than 80% of respondents in age group of 25-35 years and above 35 years stated that they were unaware of government policies for meat production and export in India whereas, the number was comparatively lower in age group of less than 25 years. It can be concluded that young age groups are more aware of meat production and consumption as compared to older groups.

Choline, essential for acetylcholine synthesis and liver fat metabolism, plays a critical role in nutrient assimilation and energy metabolism, with deficiencies leading to growth issues and health complications. To overcome the drawbacks of synthetic choline

chloride, such as hygroscopicity and poor absorption, this investigation explored the potential of herbal choline supplements derived from select plants as an alternative. Two hundred (200) day old Ven Cobb broilers were divided randomly into 4 groups of 50 chicks each and each group consisting of 5 replicates with each replicate comprising of 10 chicks. The study involved diets divided into four groups: the control group (T0) on a basal diet, T1 with synthetic choline chloride (600 gm/tonne) and biotin (150 gm/tonne), T2 with Repchol (500 gm/tonne), and T3 with Brand A (1000 gm/tonne), a local brand. Results showed herbal supplements matched or surpassed synthetic choline chloride’s effects, particularly in group T2. Hemato-biochemical parameters indicated improved liver function and lipid metabolism in herbal groups, with lower SGOT, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Digestibility studies found no significant differences among treatments, suggesting herbal supplements could match synthetic choline chloride in nutrient absorption. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the potential of herbal choline supplements as a viable substitute for synthetic choline chloride in broiler diets. Their comparable or superior effects on growth, performance, hemato-biochemical parameters, redox balance, and nutrient digestibility contribute to exploring natural alternatives, promoting sustainability, and addressing the limitations of synthetic additives in poultry nutrition.

Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic is used successfully to treat a variety of cancers. The present study was designed

to evaluate protective role of hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, against doxorubicin induced toxicity. For this purpose, 30 adult

male Wister rats were divided into five different groups consisting six in each group. Normal saline was given to the group I as

sham. Dose of 200 mg/kg of HES to the group III was given orally for 2 weeks. Group II was kept as DOX control (2.5 mg/kg

body weight) four times in a week, intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Group IV and V, were administered hesperidin low dose (100

mg/kg body weight) and high dose (200 mg/kg body weight), respectively, orally with DOX four times in a week over a period

of two weeks. At the end of the experiment, hematological and biochemical parameters were performed in blood of rats. Results

showed that DOX caused a marked rise in biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine kinase-mycocardial band, serum

lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase , troponins, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic

transaminase activities alongside an increase in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides level, and decrease in the values of

hematological parameters such as total erythrocytes count, total leukocytes count, hemoglobin and pack cell volume. However,

hesperidin low and high dose treated group IV and V, respectively exhibited significant (P<0.05) improvement in all the above

parameters as compared group II indicating the protective role of hesperidin.

The present study was focused to build a predictive model for protein coding genes from the rumen metagenomic data utilising

most promising machine learning (ML) tools. We classified the sequence reads into coding genes and non-coding sequences,

converted the sequences into k-mers of various sizes (k = three to six) and extracted features named k-mer count that were

representative of the sequence reads. ML classifiers were trained using 16 genomes consisted of 13 bacterial kingdom and 3

archaeal kingdom selected from diverse environment and various systems. Among the five ML models for gene prediction,

artificial neural network (ANN) performed best with maximum accuracy 89 per cent for k-mer three. We observed that logistic

regression and SVMtook only reasonable computational time when compared to ANN.DNA was isolated from rumen liquor of

crossbred cattle and were used for metagenomic sequencing. Annotated rumen metagenomic sequences was used to validate the

ML models created. Logistic regression performed best with 85 per cent accuracy on minimum feature count itself (unigram)

for k-mer four. Out of 8718 coding sequences provided to logistic regression classifier, 8073 sequences correctly predicted as

genes (true positives) and remaining 645 coding sequences were predicted as non-coding (false negatives). We concluded that

machine learning models created namely artificial neural network, support vector machine and logistic regression shows strong,

robust and powerful ability for classification of coding and non-coding genes and it represents an intriguing and promising

avenue for predicting rumen metagenomic genes.

Embryo cryopreservation process is the most challenging aspect of embryo biotechnology, and despite advances in recent years, the results are still inconsistent. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the conception rate with fresh, slow freezed and vitrified bovine (Sahiwal) embryos produced by In vitro embryo production (IVEP). Oocytes were collected through Ovum pick-up (OPU) method from Sahiwal cows maintained at Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Telangana, India under ET & IVF Project, Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM). The collected oocytes were in-vitro matured, fertilized and cultured. Thirty good quality blastocysts produced by IVEP were randomly distributed among experimental groups- Group 1 (Fresh/ Non- cryopreserved embryo) n=10, Group 2 (Slow freezed embryos) n=10 and Group 3 (Vitrified embryos) n=10. These embryos were then transferred to the recipient cows having a functional corpus luteum and were in sixth or seventh day of estrus cycle. Forty days after the transfer, the pregnancy was confirmed by transrectal palpation and with transrectal ultrasonography. The conception rate was 30%, 10% and 10% with IVEP fresh, slow freezed and vitrified embryos, respectively. It was concluded from the present study that the conception rate was higher with fresh embryos than with slow freezed and vitrified bovine (Sahiwal) embryos.

In the present investigation, a total of twelve dogs found positive for acute liver failure and 6 healthy dogs were selected for therapeutic study. Six dogs were considered in apparently healthy control group (group I) after thorough physical examination and various diagnostic tests. Affected twelve dogs were randomly divided into two groups (group II and group III) six animal each. In group II conventional treatment was given and in group III conventional treatment with combination of Moringa oleifera @ 30 mg/kg body weight PO was administered for 14 days. Therapeutic evaluation was done on the basis of percent recovery assessment. Percent recovery was assessed by clinical improvement in terms of disappearance of clinical signs and alterations in the hemato-biochemical parameters on day 7th and day 14th post treatment. Complete clinical examination of all dogs of acute liver failure was made. ALF cases had significantly higher levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, serum total bilurubin and cholesterol than the healthy animal group, whereas serum total protein, albumin and glucose found significantly in lower levels. Both conventional therapy as well as combination of Moringa oleifera with conventional therapy was found effective against acute liver failure in dogs as evidenced by restoration of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total protein, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose. Based on results of the study it was concluded that Moringa oleifera may be advised as adjunct therapy along with conventional treatment for early recovery in acute liver failure in dogs.

Medicinal plants are worthy constituents of traditional medicine including therapy for the relief of pain. Evaluation of Antinociceptive

activity of Hygrophila spinosa hydro-alcoholic extract, cow urine distillate and their combination was done by observing latency in reaction time of mice to raise or lick the fore limb or jumping using Eddy’s hot plate analgesiometer. The reaction time recorded on Eddy’s hot plate analgesiometer for various treatment groups except control was highest at 60 min followed by 120 min, then 30 min and was least at 0 min. At 60 min, the reaction time showed by rats of Group II (Aspirin), Group III (0.5 ml CUD), Group IV (HSE: 400 mg/kg) and Group V (CUD: 0.5 ml + HSE: 400 mg/kg) were 14.833 ± 1.352, 10.833 ± 1.276, 13.000 ± 1.528 and 14.167 ± 0.946 seconds, respectively, which were significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher than the reaction time shown by control group rats (3.167 ± 0.477 seconds). The results endorsed the utility of Hygrophila spinosa in pain relief treatment as per Ayurvedic texts. The study has also proved the anti-nociceptive activity of cow urine distillate and its combination with H. spinosa hydro-alcoholic extract in mice.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of Corn silage (CS) with Orange Peel Silage (OPS) in the

diet of Berari goats during the Peripartum period on their feed intake, Body weight change, and Body condition score (BCS). A

total of eighteen advanced pregnant Berari goats were divided into three groups viz, To, T1, and T2 and offered 0, 25, or 50%

orange peel silage in replacement of corn silage. The results revealed that The DMI in group T2 (50% OPS) was lower than in

group T1 (25% OPS) and T0 (CS). However, it differed significantly with T0 in all the weeks and with T1 at the Prepartum 2nd

week and the Postpartum 3rd week. No significant changes were observed in body weights and BCS among the groups.

The present study was conducted to examine biochemical and microbiological properties of fresh cow urine. A total of 98 fresh urine samples from apparently healthy indigenous and crossbred cows maintained under organized farming system were collected aseptically in sterile vials. The urine samples were subjected to biochemical, microbial, yeast and mould examination using respective diagnostic kits and suitable culture media. Average fresh urine pH was significantly (p<0.05) higher in indigenous cows than in crossbred cows. No difference was observed for urea concentration between indigenous and crossbred cows. The average urea concentration was 1.56% in all the fresh urine samples collected from indigenous cows. Dry crossbred cows had significantly (p<0.01) higher urea concentration than in the milch cows, however, no difference was observed in milch and dry indigenous cows. Milch indigenous cows had significantly (p<0.05) lower creatinine concentration than in the dry cows. On microbial examination of different samples, bacterial growth was absent except four samples which showed bacterial colonies on BHI and MLA. The SDA method for fungal growth suggested no such growth in the study. The present study revealed that the fresh cow urine obtained from apparently healthy cows can be utilized for recommended preparations in agricultural operations.

Diseases of the intestines are many a times hidden challenges. One such challenge is Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is characterised by the presence of persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs includes diarrhoea, vomiting and weight loss for more than three weeks. CIE dogs were categorised into food responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic responsive enteropathy(ARE), steroid  responsive enteropathy (SRE) and non- responsive enteropathy (NRE) based on the response to elimination trail, antibiotic treatment and immunosuppressive therapy. The study was conducted to document the canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy index, endoscopic and histopathologic changes CIE dogs. 40 dogs with chronic GI signs were selected for this study and subjected for detailed physical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry, radiography and ultrasonographic examination CIE was diagnosed in 13 dogs based on the endoscopic and histopathologic changes. Moderate form of CCECAI score was recorded highly in this study. Haematological findings of CIE dogs include leucocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and no significant difference were noticed in the biochemical parameters of CIE. Increased friability and hyperaemia was the predominant endoscopic changes of CIE dogs. In all the dogs with CIE of various categories showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration on histopathology.