Na

Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus with pandemic potential but has limited synthetic evidence on its epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and One Health dimensions. This scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines to identify literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar databases from 1998 to 2025. Of the 988 studies screened, 55 studies met the inclusion criteria. The geographic distribution is centred around Bangladesh with 20 studies and India with 12 studies. Outbreaks occurred with distinct patterns: the Malaysia-Singapore outbreak with pig as the animal host, Bangladesh-India with date palm sap as the transmission agent, and the Philippines with horse as the animal host. Pteropus bats were identified as the primary animal host with 17 primary studies confirming their role as the reservoir host. Human-to-human transmission accounts for one-third of cases. Phylogenetic analysis has identified two major clusters with NiV-M and NiV-B being the dominant clusters with an emerging Indian cluster designated as NiV-I. Only 34 studies used the One Health approach, but integration is limited because of institutional barriers, surveillance challenges, and resource limitations. NiV remains a geographically limited but epidemiologically relevant threat because of a complex transmission network. There is a pressing need to improve integrated surveillance, economically driven interventions in communities, and cross-sector response capacity to address the threat of future spillover.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the laying performance, fertility and hatching characteristics of Japanese quail maintained at different sex ratios under a deep litter system of rearing. A total of 437 nos of 4 week old Japanese quails, comprising 137 males and 300 females, were randomly selected and divided into five groups. Each group contained 60 females, while the number of males varied according to the sex ratios. The numbers of males were 60, 30, 20, 15 and 12 in the 1:1 (T1), 1:2 (T2), 1:3 (T3), 1:4 (T4) and 1:5 (T4) groups respectively. Sex ratio did not significantly (P>0.05) affect age of first lay, average body weight and egg weight at first lay, average egg weight, hen day egg production, average daily feed intake of birds. However, the total feed intakes per group increased with an increase in the number of male birds. Fertility and hatchability were significantly (P< 0.05) lower in T4 and T5 groups than T1, T2 and T3 groups. No significant differences were observed in incubation weight loss and chick hatch weight among the groups. It may be concluded that the male-to-female sex ratio of 1:3 in Japanese quail is more economical under an intensive system.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcome of intraocular silicone prosthesis implantation in dogs with irreparable traumatic and chronic ocular conditions. During November 2025 to April 2026, 4,921 canine cases presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Jabalpur, were screened, of which 262 (5.32%) had ocular affections and 16 (0.33%) had irreparable ocular conditions. Twelve dogs were selected for surgical management irrespective of age, breed and sex. Preoperative clinical, ophthalmic, ultrasonographic and haemato-biochemical evaluations were performed. Implant size was determined from the axial globe length of the contralateral normal eye (axial globe length - 3 mm). Four dogs with closed globe injuries underwent perilimbal evisceration, whereas eight dogs with open globe injuries were managed by the four-petal evisceration technique followed by intraocular silicone prosthesis implantation; extraocular prosthesis was placed after complete conjunctival healing. Traumatic injury was the predominant cause (68.75%), with adult male non-descript dogs being most commonly affected. Mean axial globe length and implant size were 17.94 ± 0.51 mm and 14.66 ± 0.51 mm, respectively. Postoperative pain and eyelid swelling resolved completely by day 15 and day 10, respectively, while ocular discharge persisted in only one dog. Functional and cosmetic appearance was graded as excellent in 75% and good in 25% of dogs. No intraocular implant failure was observed during the 60-day follow-up, although one extraocular prosthesis was dislodged. The study demonstrated that intraocular silicone prosthesis implantation, particularly when combined with the four-petal evisceration technique and an extraocular prosthesis, is an effective option for restoring cosmetic appearance and maintaining satisfactory eyelid function in dogs with irreparable ocular conditions.