The aim of this study was to explore antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from flies trapped at livestock and poultry farm premises. A total of 36 pools of flies and 72 rectal/cloacae swabs were collected. All the flies were Musca domestica except one fly was Calliphora erythrocephala. E. coli were recovered from all the flies (100%) and fecal (100%) samples. Whereas, Salmonellae were obtained from 21 (58.33%) flies and 15 (20.83%) fecal samples. E. coli and Salmonella isolates were multi-drug resistant strains. E. coli exhibited resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), cefotaxime (93.57%), aztreonam (59.63%), cefpodoxime (58.71%) and imipenem (48.62%). Salmonellae were also 100% resistant to ampicillin-clavulanic acid followed by cefotaxime (91.66%), cefpodoxime (94.44%) and imipenem (91.66%). Colistin resistance was recorded more in Salmonella (61.11%) than E. coli (12.84%) by phenotypic assays, however, mcr1 to mcr5 genes could not be detected in any of the E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Bacteria studied were ESBL (21.10%) and MBL positive. Present study is suggestive of the fact that flies harbor multidrug resistant, ESBL, MBL and colistin resistant E. coli and Salmonella strains. Extensive monitoring of indicators organisms of AMR in unconventional reservoirs like flies is needed.

This study was done to monitor milk protein variations in α-lactalbumin gene (LALBA) and to determine possible associations with various performance traits in Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. Present study was conducted on 546 records of 60 HF crossbred cattle maintained at livestock farms, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The records consists of data pertaining to weight at first calving (WFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation 305-days milk yield (FL305-dMY), first lactation length (FLL), first peak yield (FPY), days to attain peak yield (DPY), age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP) and first calving interval (FCI). PCR-RFLP technique was used to categorize the different alleles in the population. Genetic polymorphism was recognized by using MnlI restriction enzymatic digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The test revealed occurrence of two genetic variants “A” and “B” for LALBA gene which was further confirmed by performing sequencing of amplified fragments. Sequence alignment revealed 2 SNP’s in the whole 166 bp fragment, one SNP is present in the 5’UTR region of exon and one in promoter region. Gene regulation study revealed “Antp” transcription factor not binding at 35 to 44 bp due to point mutation at 37 bp of A>G, suggesting modulation of transcription. Association study showed significant (p≤0.05) relation of LALBA gene “BB” genotype with high first lactation peak yield (FLPY). Further investigations are required to elucidate the biological and practical relevance of these SNP’s and change in transcription factor.

The present study was envisaged to develop low-fat, high-fibre pork patties by incorporating optimum combinations of peanut hull powder (PHP) and arjuna tree bark powder (ATBP) in the basic formulation replacing lean meat. Five various combinations were prepared by using two different levels of peanut hull powder (PHP) viz. 0.5% and 1.0% and arjuna tree bark powder (ATBP) viz. 1.0% and 1.5% by using two-by-two factorial design viz. control (without PHP and ATBP), T1 (0.5% PHP and 1.0% ATBP), T2 (0.5% PHP and 1.5% ATBP), T3 (1.0% PHP and 1.0% ATBP) and T4 (1.0% PHP and 1.5% ATBP). The developed products were evaluated for various physico-chemical, proximate, instrumental colour, texture profile and sensory analysis. With increasing levels of PHP and ATBP in the developed products, mean fat and protein values exhibited decreasing trend whereas ash content showed increasing trend. Control exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower crude fibre content as compared to treated patties. The lightness (L*) value of T2 and T3 was recorded comparable and significantly (P<0.05) higher than T4. The mean overall acceptability score of T2 was comparable to T1. The overall acceptability of control was recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 and T2. Thus low-fat, high-fibre, functional pork patties with good organoleptic quality can be prepared by incorporation of 0.5% peanut hull powder and 1.5% arjuna tree bark powder.

Toxic effects of cisplatin (CP) and protective role of Terminalia arjuna (TA) and taurine were assessed on hepatic biomarkers using a total of 36 male Wistar albino rats that were grouped randomly into six groups (n=6). Group 1 acted as normal control. Groups 2, 5 and 6 were treated with CP @ 5 mg/kg b.wt, intraperitoneally on day 1 for cisplatin exposure. Thereafter, groups 3 and 5 were treated with TA @ 400 mg/kg b.wt. and groups 4, 6 with taurine @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt. orally for 14 days. Later rats were euthanized for histopathology of liver. Serum ALT was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. The tissue enzyme assays revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TBARS and protein carbonyls and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH in group 2 as compared to other groups. The concentration of cytokines showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TNF-alpha and IL-10 in group 2 when compared with group 1. Sections of liver tissue showed marked changes i.e., central vein dilation with oedema, congestion and degenerative changes with pyknotic and condensed nuclei in few hepatocytes. The groups 5 and 6 treatedwith respective dose of TA and taurine showed mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters in comparison to group 2. It is concluded that supplementation of Terminalia arjuna and taurine was found beneficial in countering the toxic effects of cisplatin on liver.

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits in Badri cattle. The study assessed the production and reproduction traits of 147 calving records of Badri cattle , spread over a period of 7 years from 2014-2020, at Instructional Dairy Farm, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. Least-square maximum likelihood programme was used to analyse the effect of non-genetic factors (NGF) viz. parity number of animal, season of calving and period of calving on production and reproduction traits viz. total milk yield (TMY), peak yield (PY) and daily milk yield (DMY), service period (SP), dry period (DP) and calving interval (CI) respectively. Effect of animal’s parity number was significant (P <0.05) on TMY, PY, DMY and SP. Season of calving was found to be significant on PY (P <0.05). Effect of period of calving was significant (P <0.05) on DMY and (P <0.01) on TMY. Thus, it can be asserted that non-genetic factors have significant effect on the production and reproduction traits in Badri cattle. It is pertinent to pre-adjust the data of environmental factors for evaluating genetic parameters of production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle.

Selection of elite crossbred bulls at young age is inevitable for uninterrupted supply of semen to vast bovine population for genetic improvement and production. Identification of sperm molecular biomarkers could be a better approach for selection of young bull for efficient use of resources. The present study was undertaken on 270 bulls of various genetic groups to assess the polymorphism at two loci of DAZL gene by PCR-RFLP. On restriction fragment analysis of 3’UTR/DedI polymorphism was observed in Ongole, Jersey, Jersey crossbred, Holstein, and Murrah bulls. HF crossbred bulls were monomorhic with fixation of A allele and CC genotype was evident only in Ongole bulls. In the bulls across the breeds studied the AA genotype was predominant (90.0 to 99.0). PCR-RFLP of region comprising missense variant in exon 3 was performed with BstY1 and the study revealed that all the bulls were monomorphic at the loci. Further studies to identify polymorphisms and evaluating their association might elucidate the role of DAZL SNPs as a marker for fertility traits in bulls.

A study was conducted in Holstein Friesian calves with an average body weight 172.79 ±4.39 kg and aged 7-8 months for a period of 90 days during the months of peak summer (April 15-July 15). Calves were distributed randomly into four dietary treatment groups of six animals each considering their body weights. The treatment groups were T0 (control), T1, T2 and T3. The calves of control group were fed total mixed ration (TMR). Other treatment groups were fed with TMR supplemented with chromium propionate @ 0.5mg/kg DM (T1); vitamin E @ 500 IU/animal/day and selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg DM (T2) and chromium propionte @ 0.5 mg/kg DM, vitamin E @ 500 IU/animal/day and selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg DM (T3). The mean THI values were 75.10±0.42 in the morning and 80.01 ±0.64 in the afternoon indicating that the animals were under mild to moderate heat stress. High THI was found in the month of May with a THI value 83.48±1.41 in the afternoon. Dry matter intake (kg/d), DMI per 100 kg BW and per kg BW 0.75 were comparable among the calves fed different experimental rations. DMI per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) lesser in T3 calves. Weight gain and the average daily gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher with supplemented rations compared to control ration. Supplemented rations were found to be economic. However chromium fed rations proved to be more profitable.

With the advancements in veterinary cardiology, ECG has become a basic diagnostic aid and its role in primary diagnosis is becoming more and more important. Though there are multiple conventional electrocardiograms available with different specifications and price, use of smart phone based technology in recording ECGs in veterinary patients is a welcomed technology. This device is simple, handy and provides information that helps in assessment of heart rate, rhythm, conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias. In the present study, the smart phone device was used to trace ECG by placing onto the back of an iPhone or any android phone and / or by placing the phone close to the electrodes and recorded a single lead ECG for 30 seconds. Elevated R wave amplitude, deep S wave, deep Q wave, elevated T wave amplitude, electrical alterans, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular premature complex, deep Q and elevated R wave, wide P wave, low voltage QRS complexes, absence of P wave, wide QRS, ST coving, fine atrial fibrillation, bradycardia with low voltage QRS complexes, deep T wave were the significant abnormal tracings recorded using smartphone based ECG device. Hence, it may be concluded that the smartphone base ECG device might be an alternative for conventional ECG with cables to record various abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias.

The study was conducted on 12 dogs of either sex, breed, aged between 1-8 years which were randomly divided into two groups. In group I, fractures were repaired with intramedullary interlocking nailing using open method and in group-II, closed method of fracture repair under C-arm guidance was used. The occurrence of fracture was found to be 1.04%. The non-descript, young male dogs were most commonly affected with fracture. An automobile accident was the most common cause of fracture. Intra-operative haemorrhage was significantly less with closed method. Rectal temperature and heart rate decreased after induction of anaesthesia in both the groups. In both the groups, the exudation decreased on 7th day and no exudation was observed at 14th postoperative day. The mean value of weight bearing score was significantly (p˂0.05) lower in group-II as compared to group-I. Animals started to take weight from 3rd postoperative day in group-II. Significant increase in radiographic score was observed at different intervals in both the groups. The blood loss was recorded more in group-I as compared to group-II. Thus, on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings, it can be concluded that the closed method of intramedullary interlocking nailing was better than the open method.

A 90 day growth trial was conducted on 10-15 month old male buffalo (Murrah) calves (average initial body weight 252.92+17.0 kg). Twelve calves were randomly distributed into three groups of four animals each. The animals in control group were fed with basal diet consisting of chopped wheat straw, berseem fodder and SBM based conventional concentrate mixture and animals in experimental groups 2 and 3 were fed wheat straw, berseem and concentrate mixtures in which SBM was replaced with DDGS at 50% and 75% levels on N basis, respectively. Digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance was comparable in all the groups, indicating RDDGS did not have any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. RDDGS inclusion as a partial replacement of soybean meal had no deleterious effect on blood profile (total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, glucose) and the values of all parameters were within the physiological range. Therefore, from the present study, it was concluded that RDDGS can replace soybean meal upto 75 percent in the concentrate mixture of buffalo calves on N basis without any adverse effect on palatability, digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance and health of the animals.

Present study was conducted to study the anatomical features of femoral head AC in twenty four intact hip joints of apparently healthy buffaloes procured from GHMC Abbattoir, Hyderabad. They were divided into four groups viz., Group I (prenatal), Group II (Birth - 3yrs), Group III (3 – 6 yrs) and Group IV (6 yrs and above). Morphological features of AC of femoral head revealed that articular surface was covered by a strip of AC made up of hyaline cartilage adjacent to sub-chondral bone in post natal groups, whereas in prenatal stage entire proximal epiphysis of femoral head was purely hyaline cartilage since AC was not yet differentiated. In post natal groups (II, III and IV) a layer of mature AC covered the hemispherical femoral head which blended peripherally with the epiphyseal cartilage. Thickness of femoral head AC reduced marginally with advancing age in various points of articular surface of femoral head viz., lateral surface, at neck and at midpoint. It was 1.89 mm, 1.38 mm and 1.49 mm thick in Gr-II which reduced to 1.64 mm, 1.37 mm and 1.36 mm in Gr-IV respectively. As age advanced, average length and width of femoral head increased fivefold from 2.83 and 2.43 cm in Gr-I (prenatal) to nearly 10.77 and 9.43 cm in Gr-IV (postnatal) specimens respectively. AC surface of young specimens was shiny pink in color in fresh state, whereas aged specimens it showed signs of yellowish discoloration and few indentations around the neck.

The water from surface source provides sustenance to plants, animals, constituents of the habitat for aquatic animals and to meet importance of agricultural and industrial need. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical properties of livestock farm oriented wastewater in and around Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Five farms were selected and wastewater samples from these livestock farms were analysed to find out bacteriological quality using standard analytical methods. The wastewater samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of 7 months. In the present study temperature, total alkalinity, sulphate concentration, total suspended solids, total solids, chloride concentration, calcium concentration, turbidity,electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were ranged from 18.21°C to 27.87°C, 45.00 mg/L to 50.25 mg/L, 145.99 mg/L to 165.65 mg/L, 840.24 mg/L to 875.40 mg/L, 1700.96 mg/L to 1720.81 mg/L, 148.19 mg/L to 164.53 mg/L, 155.99 mg/L to 175.81 mg/L,936.00 NTU to 943.52 NTU, 10.20 ms/cm to 18.00 ms/cm and 14.30 mg/L to 18.39 mg/L respectively. Out of 140 samples studied, most of the samples were found to have the different physicochemical parameters within the prescribed limits with exceptions such as Total Dissolved Solids (860.71 mg/l), Nitrate (248.98 mg/l), pH (12.20) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (18.25 mg/l). Significant difference between the samples in different months was observed during the study period. Thus, the present study on farm wastewater sources in and around Khanapara indicated that proper wastewater treatment is required in the livestock farms to prevent surface water pollution.

The status of lesser-known sheep cannot be ignored as they comprise 75 Per cent of the total Indian sheep population. The Macherla sheep is one of the lesser-known sheep breeds of Andhra Pradesh with medium to heavy sized body. Because of superior performance over Nellore and the characteristics such as good resistance and adaptability to local climatic conditions, the Macherla sheep attained considerable importance among sheep herders. A stratified random sample survey was conducted in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states populated with huge number of Macherla sheep. The data was measured on 1279 sheep from 27 villages of nine mandals in four districts of two states. The predominant colour pattern in Macherla sheep was bicolour with combinations of white and black or brown and white. Rams are horned and ewes are polled. A gradual increase in the body measurements was observed from milk tooth to full mouth stage. Males recorded significantly higher body measurements than females. District has significant influence on the body measurements with higher recordings in Guntur district. The influence of district on body weight of Macherla sheep are found to be significant at all ages studied except for two-toothed and six-toothed ages. Among sexes, males recorded heavier body weights compared to females. The reproductive performance of Macherla sheep was ideal and within the range of species. The lambing Percentage was quite good in Macherla sheep. The Phenotypic correlations of body weight with the linear body measurements were positive and high.

The present investigation has been carried out to study the epidemiology of fascioliasis in cattle and its therapeutic management with indigenous medicinal plants. Under the prevailing agro-climatic condition of four locations of Kamrup district of Assam, out of 551 nos. of randomly selected cattle, 46 number of animals were found positive for fascioliasis. The overall occurrence of fascioliasis was 8.35% out of which 8.28% local male, 8.23% local female, 8.33% crossbred male and 8.59% crossbred female cattle were found to be affected. In the present study, efficacy of Entada phaseoloides was found to be 87.50% and that of Azadirachta indica was 81.25%. However, triclabendazole showed 100% efficacy. Various blood parameters viz., haemoglobin, TEC and albumin level were found to be elevated following treatment with methanolic extract of E. phaseoloides, A. indica as well as triclabendazole in comparison to the Fasciola positive untreated group. The declining levels of TLC, eosinophil, monocyte count, total serum bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT could be observed after treatment with these drugs. However, the percentage of PCV did not increase significantly after the administration of all these drugs, singly. Also, no significant difference could be observed in basophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte count and ESR level following treatment with triclabendazole, E. phaseoloides and/or A. indica. Based on clinical recovery and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, the methanolic extracts of the indigenous plants were found to be highly effective against fascioliasis in cattle through their efficacy were not at par with that of standard commercial drug, triclabendazole.

A total of 516 adult non descriptive does brought to Veterinary University Peripheral Hospital, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 51, during the period October 2016 to September 2018. were treated for various medical conditions. Of this, 72 does were in their last six weeks of gestation carrying twins/triplets and presented with the history of off feed. They were subjected to determination of blood beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration by means of a portable blood ketone and glucose monitoring system and qualitative urinalysis using urine dip stick. Does with BHBA > 0.8 mmol/L and < 1.6 mmol/L were classified as sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemic group (n = 12) while the remaining does BHBA level were within normal range (< 0.8 mmol/L). The control animals were selected from adult Tellicherry does in the age group of 2 to 4 years maintained at Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 and a private goat farm (ECR Goat Farm), Injambakkam, Chennai. The sub- clinical pregnancy toxaemic group were resorted to treatment with intravenous glucose therapy (5 per cent Dextrose) and oral administration of glycerine for 3-4 days @ 25 ml twice daily supported with parenteral Vitamin B1, B6 & B12 therapy with an overall cure rate of 100 %.. Reliable diagnostic indicators for sub-clinical form of pregnancy toxaemia include presence of ketone body in urine and BHBA > 0.8 mmol/L and < 1.6 mmol/L.

The ubiquitous presence of NTM species in the environment is one factor which leads to misdiagnosis, treatment failure of tuberculosis throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to screen samples from farm environment to detect the occurrence of NTM species and to analyze their antimicrobial resistance pattern. A total of 218 samples of water, soil, milk, faeces and sewage were collected and processed as per standard isolation protocols for NTM species. Further, the isolates were subjected to biochemical characterization and molecular confirmation was done by PCR targeting genus specific primers like 16SrRNA and hsp 65. For species identification, the PCR products were sequenced and assessed the genetic relatedness. Antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was also studied by broth microdilution and disc diffusion method. The present study showed the presence of NTM species from farm settings and the isolates were found to be sensitive to antimycobacterial drugs.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding concentrate mixture containing varying levels of cashew nut kernel meal (CNKM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics in ram lambs. In a completely randomized design, 18 ram lambs were divided into 3 equal groups of six each. They were allotted in to three dietary treatments (T1 to T3) comprising of green fodder viz., Super Napier and concentrate mixture (20% CP) containing CNKM at 0, 10 and 20%, respectively. The body weight gain and average daily gain increased (P<0.05) linearly with increasing level of CNKM in concentrate mixtures from T1 to T3, while the feed cost per kg weight gain decreased by ` 1.46 in T2 and ` 19.81 in T3 as compared to control. Carcass studies in ram lambs fed concentrate mixtures had no effect (P>0.05) on various carcass parameters expressed as percentage of hot carcass weight. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of whole sale cuts (% carcass weight) and yield of visceral organs (% of pre slaughter weight) among the different treatments. It is concluded that CNKM can be included up to 20 % in the concentrate mixture for improved body weight gain, feed efficiency and economical meat production in ram lambs.

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil on egg yolk lipid profile of adult layer birds. Forty eight 40-weeks-old birds were randomly divided into two preparation trials of 24 birds each. Each trial was further divided into 4 groups of 6 birds each. Birds were caged individually and diets were supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500 and 750 mg garlic and black cumin oil/kg of feed in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively for 56 days. The birds of T4 group showed maximum reduction in egg yolk lipid profile on day 56. The present study revealed that Allium sativum oil @750mg/kg of feed is the most effective supplementation in reducing the egg lipid profile in birds.

The present investigation was carried out to investigate egg weight losses and hatchability of eggs of Kuroiler breed of chicken at poultry farm SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). Total 180 fresh eggs of Kuroiler chicken of 25-38 week age were collected for this study and stored for 0, 5 and 7 days at two different temperatures i.e. 30±2oC and 20±2oC as per treatment i.e. T1 (30oC+0d), T2 (30oC+5d), T3 (30oC+7d), T4 (20oC+0d), T5 (20oC+5d) and T6 (20oC+7d). Treated eggs tray are placed incubator to determine hatchability. Result shows that egg weight loss was maximum (2.06%) in treatment T3 followed by T2 and T1. The egg weight decreased with increase in storage duration and temperature conditions. In present investigation percentage hatchability (Fertile Egg Set Basis) was found significantly higher (90.70%) in 5 days stored eggs than 7 days storage (85.37%) and 0 day storage (77.50%) under cold temperature (20oC) with fumigation and hatchability of (Total Egg Set Basis) was found significantly higher in eggs that stored for 5 days (86.67%) and found lower in 0 days stored eggs (68.89%). Duration of storage and temperature significantly (P≤0.05) affected hatchability of eggs (both TES & FES). Hatchability declines when storage duration is beyond 5 days. Hatchability also found higher in eggs stored at 20oC temperature.

The present study was conducted on the histomorphology and histochemistry of liver of Bakerwali and non-descript goats. Histologically hepatic lobules, portal lobules and liver acini were observed. Hepatic lobules were hexagonal with clear boundaries in Bakerwali goat whereas in non-descript goats, the interlobular connective tissue was minimal making it difficult to recognize the lobule as hexagonal. Portal lobule was triangular, functional unit of liver consisting of parenchyma of three adjacent hepatic lobules. Liver acini were diamond-shaped area having three zones. Hepatocytes of zone 3 were darker stained as compared to zone 1 and 2 in both the breeds. Hepatocytes were arranged in radiating cords (hepatic cords) approximately one to two cells in thickness. This pattern of radiating cords was seen prominently in Bakerwali goats but in non-descript goats these cords anastomosed with one another showing interconnected network of hepatic arch, enclosing spaces “the sinusoids”. The histochemical distribution of mucopolysaccharides, proteins and sudanophilic lipids didn’t vary among Bakerwali and non-descript goats but reactions was variable in different parts of liver parenchyma.

Meta-analysis of systematically selected studies published during 2015-2020 on the prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis from Indian cattle was done. It was found that age, sex and breed of cattle are important risk factors to get infected with Thieleria sp. Adult cattle are found at higher risk of getting infected with BTT than the younger stocks with an odds ratio of 2.062, however as regards sex of the cattle is concerned cows are little more susceptible to BTT than bullocks / bulls with an odds ratio of 1.632. The breed factor of cattle has shown that exotic/ crossbred cattle are more prone to contract BTT with an odds ratio of 2.113. The meta-analysis showed no publication bias.

An effort was made to evaluate the existing housing practices followed by the farmers of Begun and Kapasan tehsils in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan. In total, 160 respondents were randomly selected from four villages of each selected tehsil and interviewed regarding the various housing practices adopted by them. Our study revealed a largely traditional way of buffalo housing management, with scientific management adopted in certain sphere of housing like providing feed in manger, optimally ventilated housing, among others.

Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in India. Currently PPR control is done by vaccination with an attenuated PPR strain (Sungri/96) produced in monolayers of vero cells grown in roller bottles or static flasks. This work focuses on the production of PPR vaccine using tide motion bio reactor as an advanced option for process scale-up. Both the roller and bio reactor cultures were propagated under same cultural conditions and infected with same multiplicity of infection of PPR vaccine virus. Assessment of infectivity titres determined at periodic intervals in both cultures revealed that the bio reactor culture produced higher amount of virus than the stationary cultures post infection. The results provide further insights into the feasibility of applying tide motion bio reactor cell culture technology to produce PPR vaccine in vero cells significantly simplifying the existing production process.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective to identify various risk factors associated with lameness in crossbred dairy cattle under unorganized production system in the state of Karnataka, India during November 2017 - May 2018. A total of 204 crossbred dairy cattle were investigated for lameness. The overall incidence of lameness was found to be 13.2%. The Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows (18.2%) were more prone to lameness than Jersey crossbred dairy cows (5.2%) The age of the animals greater than 6 years (36%), parity greater than three (21.4%), body condition score less than three (19%), animals affected with hoof disorders (35.5%), animals having white-colored hooves (41.2%), shallow foot angle (19.0%), injured hocks and knees (48.3% and 21.6% respectively) and animals maintained under unhygienic conditions (22.9%) were significant risk groups for higher incidence of lameness. Among herd management level risk factors animals kept on dirty floors (17.5%), free-stall housing (46%) and cemented floors (44.8%) had a significantly higher incidence of lameness. Results of binary logistic regression model (sensitivity 93.01%, specificity 77.8% and accuracy 97.67%) revealed a significant set of risk factors and also provided adjusted odd ratios. The results showed that hoof disorders (OR= 16.98; CI=4.67-61.66), hock injury (OR=11.99; CI=3.243-44.337) and lower body condition score (OR=6.99; CI=1.72-28.37) were the significant predictors of lameness.

The plenary investigation was based on the development and shelf life extension of cranberry infused caramel paneer bites for school going children. Caramel paneer bites were standardized on the basis of preliminary trials and after cooking for 10 minutes in sugar solution of 50° Bx strength, sensory evaluation was performed by P and K hedonic testing with 100 children (7-16 yrs) selected randomly from Jammu city. Thereafter, shelf life studies were conducted on four different formulations i.e. control (without cranberry extract), T1, T2 and T3 (with cranberry extract) at storage interval of 15 days up to spoilage at refrigeration temperature (4±1˚C). No significant change was observed in fat, protein and ash content of all the four formulations; however, moisture content of control formulation increased significantly throughout the storage period. In case of all the treatments, significantly lower TBARS and FFA values were analysed relative to control samples on all the days of storage. Total plate count and yeast and mould count increased above permissible limits on day 45 in control samples and on day 60 in cranberry infused treatments. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that caramel paneer bites were well accepted by school going children with maximum shelf life of 30 days at refrigeration temperature of 4±1°C without appreciable loss of freshness and sensory attributes, however, its sensory and microbial acceptability could significantly be improved up to 45 days by addition of cranberry extract.

A total of 625 faecal samples were collected from dairy animals of transitional plain in Luni basin of Rajasthan during winter, summer and rainy season from November 2018 to October 2019. Coprological examination revealed an overall prevalence of 66.88% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with mixed infection of 26.24%. Among helminths, strongyle (60.00%) showed highest prevalence followed by Strongyloides sp. (17.60%), Trichuris sp. (8.16%), amphistome (5.76%), Moniezia sp. (4.00%) and Capillaria sp. (0.48%). Native cattle (76.78%) showed a significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence followed by crossbred cattle (67.93%) and buffaloes (55.76%). Seasonal dynamics revealed a highly significant statistical seasonal variation (p<0.01) with maximum infection in rainy season (74.29%) whereas, a non significant statistical difference in district wise prevalence was reported with the highest prevalence rate in Sirohi district (74.66%). Coprolculture analysis revealed the presence of larvae of genera Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Bunostomum and Strongyloides in the decreasing order of prevalence.

A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder as feed additive on haemato-biochemical parameters and carcass traits in Ven Cobb 400 strain of broiler chicken. Day old 120 chicks were procured and randomly distributed into four treatment groups. Each treatment had 3 replicates with ten chicks in each replicate. The control group (T1) were fed basal diet without any supplementation. In treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, basal diet was incorporated with 1.0 % aniseed powder, 1.0 % ginger rhizome powder and 0.5 % aniseed + 0.5 % ginger rhizome powder, respectively. The haematological parameters were not affected due to dietary incorporation of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol in treatment groups T4, T3 and T2 as compared to control T1 however, there was also considerable reduction in serum triglycerides content in T2, T3 and T4 group. Dressing percentage, weight of cut up parts and giblet showed no significant difference among the group but there was significant (P<0.05) increase in gizzard in broiler chicks due to aniseed and ginger rhizome powder supplementation. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in ether extract content of breast muscles in T2 group. There was significant increase in protein content of thigh muscle in T3 and T4 group. It is concluded that inclusion of 1.00 % aniseed or 1% ginger rhizome powder in the diet of broiler improved meat quality by reducing cholesterol level in meat of broiler chicken.

This study was conducted with an objective to utilize the red grapes powder and its extracts as natural antioxidant for development of functional mutton rolls. Incorporation of red grapes powder at 1, 2 and 3 per cent levels, and red grapes aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 5, 10 and 15 per cent levels were compared with control, and selected on the basis of sensory evaluation. The total phenols and TBARS value of selected products were compared with control. The sensory scores including overall acceptability increased with the incorporation levels of red grapes powder and aqueous extracts, but decreased with addition of red grapes ethanolic extract. Addition of 3 per cent red grapes powder and 10 per cent of its aqueous extract were found suitable for incorporation in mutton rolls indicating very good acceptability scores (round 7.00). The addition of red grapes powder and its aqueous extract increased the total phenols while TBARS values were found significantly lower as compared to control and BHT added products. It was concluded that red grapes powder (3%) and red grapes aqueous extracts (10%) can be used for development of very well acceptable functional mutton rolls with improved total phenols and lower TBARS vale.

A study was conducted on 16 lactating Gir cows, which were divided into four groups on the basis of body weight and average milk yield/day at Dairy farm (LPM Deptt.) S.K.N. College of agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) and subjected to four dietary treatments i.e. Wheat straw ad-lib. + Green Lucerne (5 kg) + Concentrate (T1), T1 + Urea 75 g/cow (T2), T1 + Mustard oil cake 614 g/cow (T3) and T1 + Guar meal 505 g/cow (T4). The studied for their feed intake and water intake in Gir cows. Daily in kg DMI was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (11.87) than T3 (11.76), T2 (9.83) and T1 (10.76). The Mean DMI/100 kg body weight was also higher (P<0.05) in T4 cows as compared to other groups. VWI (litre/animal) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (32.80) than T3 (31.42), T2 (31.35) and T1 (29.91).

A study was conducted using 800-day old native chickens were procured from Veterinary College Hebbal. The chickens body weight was weighed, wing banded and reared under same environmental condition under deep litter system. The vaccination was performed against Newcastle Disease (ND) on 7th day and Infectious Bursal  Disease (IBD) on 14th day and booster on 21st and 28th day, respectively. The two hundred (200) each chick of White, Brown, Black and Mixed Plumage pattern of native chicks were selected for the study. The average day-old body weight was 31.10 ± 1.10, 30.20 ± 1.32, 31.08 ± 0.89 and 28.70 ± 1.40 gm white, brown, black and mixed plumage pattern, respectively. The body weight was recorded in 2nd, 4th and 6th week of age showed an average body weight of 106.44 ± 11.97, 111.68 ± 11.53, 118.36 ± 9.08 and 108.68 ± 11.53 gm in 2nd week, 204.60 ± 27.60, 212.40 ± 27.07, 225.90 ± 21.00 and 202.12 ± 18.40 gm in fourth week and 361.80 ±56.00, 382.50± 54.00, 407.12 ± 35.76 and 366.48 ± 54.36 gm in sixth week of age for white, brown, black and mixed plumage pattern respectively. The highest body weight was observed in black plumage-coloured birds followed by brown plumage and there was no significant difference between white and mixed coloured plumage birds. This study revealed that the darker coloured plumage chickens could be selected for future breeding programme at an early age and also increase the body weight of the birds.