The potential uses of large number of herbal drugs are limited due to their poor absorption and poor bioavailability after oral administration. The bioavailability can be improved by formulating an appropriate drug delivery system, which can enhance the rate and the extent of drug absorption across the lipid biomembrane. Novel drug delivery system aims to provide some control in temporal or spatial nature of the drug release in the body. The phospholipid molecular structure includes a water-soluble head and two fat-soluble tails, because of this dual solubility, the phospholipid acts as an effective emulsifier, which is also one of the chief components of the membranes in our cells. Phytosomes are advanced forms of herbal products that are absorbed and utilized in improved manner to produce better results than conventional herbal extracts. “Phytosome” is formed by complexing the polyphenolic phytoconstituents in molar ratio with Phosphatidylcholine. As far as the potential of phytosome technology is concerned, it has a great future for use in formulation technology and applications of hydrophilic plant compounds. Many areas of phytosome are to be revealed in future in the prospect of pharmaceutical application.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of varying level of roughage to concentrate ratios on carcass traits and leather quality characteristics of Blackhead Ogaden sheep aged 2 years (20.8±1.8 initial body weight). Twenty four lambs were blocked into 6 groups of four lambs based on initial body weight and randomly assigned within group to 4 diets. Roughage composed of natural grass hay and haricot bean hauls (50:50 ratio) and concentrate mixture composed of wheat bran (69%) and 31% of oil seed meal (noug seed cake and cottonseed meal in the ratio of 1.1:1) were offered at roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios of 60R:40C, 50R:50C, 40R:60C, and 30R:70C. Roughage and supplement were offered separately and percentages of the two feeds were determined based on ad libitum consumption of individual animal on dry matter (DM) basis. After the completion of stall feeding, animals were slaughtered for carcass parameters and leather quality evaluation. Slaughter body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage as a proportion of slaughter body weight, empty body weight, and total usable products are greater in group consumed 30R:70C than 60R:40C ration (P<0.05). Fat content and elongation percentage of leather produced from sheep consumed 60R:40C was higher (p<0.05) than 30R:70C. However, the other chemical and physico-mechanical quality of leather were not affect by the treatment diet (P>0.05). Thus, we conclude that feeding of roughage and concentrate at the ratio of 30R:70C could be recommended as better feeding strategy for better performances of finishing sheep.

The economic success of small ruminant based livestock production system depends on the factors affecting the muscular growth. Therefore, the present study was carried out in one of the potential ovine meat genotype, i.e., Magra sheep breed, to investigate the role of growth regulating myostatin (MSTN)gene on body weight of Magra lambs at different stages through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) based marker.Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of randomly selected Magra sheep (N=74) maintained at Livestock Research Farm, CSWRI, Bikaner campus through spin column method. A 311bp fragment comprising intron 2 region of MSTN gene was amplified through designed homologous primers (GenBank accession number JN856480) at an annealing temperature of 54°C. Initial screening of collected specimen was carried out through single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) based marker on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels to detect the polymorphic individuals. Sequencing and clustal analysis was carried out in order to detect SNP’s responsible for genetic variation among individuals. The three conformational patterns detected were observed to be the result of substitution of five different nucleotides substitution in the amplified fragment. Association analysis revealed significant role of heterozygotic SNP’s conformation (CTAAA/TATGT) on body weight of Magra sheep at 3 and 6 months of age in comparison to homozygotic genotypic pattern, TATGT/TATGT. The present study concluded that genetic variability in intron- 2 region of MSTN gene in Magra lamb significantly affects body weight at specific stages of life.

This study reports the histological lesions in archived formalin fixed piglet tissues from a herd subclinically infected with PCV2 that progressed to showing PCV2 associated systemic disease and later experienced a major fulminating episode of PCV2 induced reproductive failure characterized with abortions, mummified fetuses, still births and neonatal mortality. Lymphoid cell depletion in one or two lymph nodes were observed in subclinical infection. In PCV2 associated systemic disease multiple lymph nodes revealed variable degree of lymphoid cell depletion and necrosis with multinucleate giant cells, syncytia formation and intracytoplasmic inclusions. Histopathological changes in other organs included multifocal, severe lymphoid depletion and extensive necrosis in spleen; multifocal coagulative necrosis in Peyer’s patches; diffuse lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia in lungs; multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in liver. A progressive shift in lesion type was noticed when the infection progressed from subclinical infection to PCV2 associated systemic disease. PCR assay performed with DNA extracted from formalin fixed tissues showed specific amplification product of 620 base pairs, confirming the presence of PCV2 ORF2 genome in the tissues

Thirty-one clinically healthy Labrador retriever dogs of both sexes (18 males and 13 females) were selected for determining Doppler echocardiographic reference values. 2 D and Pulse wave Doppler echocardiography was carried out by using GE Logiq P5 Color Doppler machine. The effect of body weight, age and sex on various doppler echocardiographic parameters were recorded. Twenty four dogs were in body weight range of 20-40 kg and 7 dogs in 40-60 kg range. To study the effect of age on various Doppler echocardiographic measurements, dogs were divided into 4 age groups (1-2, 2-3, 3-5 and >5 years of age). The mitral A wave peak velocity (MA) and ME:MA ratio were significantly (p<0.05) affected by body weight. The pulmonic valve velocity and pulmonic valve pressure were significantly (p<0.05) affected and there was significant negative correlation of pulmonic valve peak velocity (Pulmonary V max) and pulmonary pressure with body weight with r2 values of 0.160 and 0.120 respectively. Mitral valve (MV) deceleration time was significantly (p<0.05) affected by age. The tricuspid valve deceleration time (TVDecT) was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in dogs > 5 years of age. Tricuspid A velocity was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in 2-3 year age group dogs as compared to dogs belonging to age group 3-5 years and > 5 years of age group. The pulmonic valve velocity and pressure were significantly affected by age. The tricuspid valve TE: TA ratio was significantly (p≤0.05) affected by gender and the ratio was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in males as compared to females.

A biological experiment of 42 days duration was undertaken in day old chicks (n= 384) divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design having 4 replicates per treatment with 8 birds in each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by incorporating control, two different levels of rice gluten meal (RGM) consisted of (15 and 17.5%), without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase, protease and multienzymes. The nutrient utilization in terms of nitrogen retention, apparent metabolizable energy of the diets, dry matter and gross energy metabolizability were significantly (P<0.01) lower at 17.5% level as compared to 0 and 15% RGM levels. The dry matter metabolizability and nitrogen retention of the birds were significantly (P<0.01) better in protease enzyme supplemented groups compared to control and other enzyme supplemented groups. The interaction of RGM and enzymes showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in nutrient utilization between different dietary treatments and control in gross energy metabolizability, calcium and phosphorous retention. The protein and energy efficiency ratios of birds were not influenced by RGM feeding, whereas significant (P<0.05) improvement were observed in protease supplemented birds. Thus, it may be concluded that protease enzyme supplementation was found best in RGM diet to improve their feeding value and it may be used to increase the effective and safe inclusion level from 15 to 17.5% in broiler diets.

This study was performed in 48 cross bred cows to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different estrus synchronization protocols with fixed time artificial insemination. Animals were allocated into four groups i.e. Group I: (n=12, Two Injection Prostaglandin system) Cloprostenol Sodium 500 μgm on day 0 and day 14 and AI was done 48 and 72 hours from second dose. Group II: (n=12, Heat-synch) day 0 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm, on Day 8, Estradiol benzoate (1 ml) and AI on day 10. Group III: (n=12, Ov-Synch) day 0 Bruserelin acetate 20 μgm, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm, Day 9 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm and A.I. on day 10. Group IV: (n=12, Ov-Synch plus Indigenous progesterone sponge) on day 0 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm along with insertion of progesterone sponge with 1.20 gm natural progesterone, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm and removal of progesterone sponge, day 9, Buserelin acetate 20 μgm and AI on day 10. Inj. Buserelin acetate 20 μgm was administered on day 6th from AI in Group II, III and IV. Pregnancy was detected per rectally on day 40 after AI. In present study, estrus ratio was higher in Group II (91.66%) followed by group IV and Group III. Conception rate was significantly higher in Group III (100%). The calving percentage was significantly lower in group I and highest in Group III (100%), the difference in conception and calving rate suggests the minimum embryonic losses in Group I, but no embryonic loss was recorded in Group III, IV and II.

Booroola (FecB) gene is also known as Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) gene, expressed in oocytes and granulosa cells. BMPR1B gene has been characterized by a point mutation at 746th position (A to G) leading to a non-synonymous substitution of Glutamine with an Arginine at 249th position (Q249R) produced ‘hyperprolific’ Booroola sheep. This mutation was associated with prolificacy in sheep with increase ovulation rate. In the present study, DNA was isolated from blood samples collected from the Muzzafarnagari sheep breeds (n = 200) maintained at LFC (Livestock farm complex) of DUVASU, Mathura, U.P. The AvaII/PCR-RFLP assay of 190 bp amplified product of FecB gene revealed only ++ genotype (190 bp uncut, 100%) with + allele (1.0) in screened sheep population. The studied region of the FecB gene showed monomorphic pattern revealed that FecB A (wild type; +) allele seems to be fixed in screened sheep population. Consequently, we could not perform association analysis with reproduction trait. Therefore, it would be suggested to further screening the status of this SNP along with other fecundity genes in large diversified population to exploit it under marker assisted selection.

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common autoimmune disease in dogs. This study was conducted to evaluate prednisolone and azathioprine therapeutic protocols for the management of secondary IMHA in dogs. The anaemic dogs brought with clinical signs such as pale or icteric mucous membranes were screened for IMHA by saline agglutination and spherocyte count and confirmed by flow cytometry. The positive cases were further subjected to haematology, biochemistry, coagulation profile, MAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of underlying secondary causes like Babesia spp, Ehrlichia canis and Leptospira spp (secondary IMHA). Thirty two cases were positive for IMHA, out of which thirteen cases were primary (Idiopathic) IMHA (17.3 %) and remaining nineteen cases were secondary IMHA (82.7 %) due to underlying causes such as Babesia gibsoni (13), Ehrlichia canis (3) and Leptospira spp. (3) respectively. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and prednisolone in combination with azathioprine and specific therapy of etiological agent with supportive therapy was used. Significant increase in Hb, PCV, RBC and thrombocyte count, significant decrease in leucocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and total protein and significant increase in ALT activity was recorded after therapy. There was an apparent clinical improvement in all the dogs which survived till day 28 days, with significant improvement in hemato-biochemical profiles. Prednisolone was found to be effective in the management of canine secondary IMHA than prednisolone combined with azathioprine.

The present study was designed to test the comparative efficacy of Ovsynch estrus synchronization protocols during two different phases’s i.e. breeding and out-of-breeding season in crossbred ewes. During both phases a total of 60 ewes were randomly divided into four groups (n=15 in each group) viz. Group I (Control out-of-breeding season), II (Treatment out-of-breeding season), III (Control breeding season) and IV (Treatment breeding season). The Ovsynch protocol (Group II and IV) consisted of buserelin acetate on day 0, cloprostenol sodium on day 5 and buserelin acetate on day 7 intramuscular (im). Blood sampling was carried out for estimation of plasma progesterone concentration in due course of study. Trans-rectal real-time B-mode ultrasonography (USG) was done for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 25 post-mating with reconfirmation on day 45. The results of the present study showed that the Ovsynch protocol was almost equally effective in induction of estrus resulting in better pregnancy rate and subsequent fertility during both seasons. The progesterone concentration did not vary significantly among all groups (P<0.05) on day 14, 25 and 45 post-mating. Thus, the Ovsynch protocol could be advised for improvement of reproductive efficiency during breeding as well as out-of-breeding season in crossbred ewes throughout the year.

A study was organized to evaluate the effect of replacement of barley and cottonseed cake by mesquite Prosopis juliflora pods (PJP) and watermelon seed (WMS) cake, respectively in complete feed with sixteen Marwari buckling goats. They were divided into four groups of four animals in each. Four complete feed designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 were prepared. T1 served as control having all the conventional ingredients whereas barley of control was replaced by mesquite PJP in T2, cottonseed cake was replaced by WMS (Citrullus lanatus) cake in T3 and both barley and cottonseed cake were replaced by mesquite PJP and WMS cake in T4, respectively. The DM intakes, digestibility of DM and gross nutrients, digestible nutrient intake, feed efficiency, were worked out for all the groups. Significant effects of treatment on DM intake, digestibility of CP were observed whereas effects on digestibility of DM, EE, CF and NFE were non-significant. It is concluded that both barley and cottonseed cake could be safely and effectively replaced by the mesquite PJP and WMS cake alone or in combination in the complete feed of goats.

The study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of dietary supplementation of Flavonoid (Quercetin) compound, vegetable oil and its combination on feed intake, growth traits and feed conversion in broiler chickens. Four dietary treatments were assigned in to 192 Vencob-400 strain broiler chicks for the 35 days duration (7th-42nd days). The treatments were control (T1) without any supplementation, whereas T2, T3 and T4 supplemented with Quercetin (1g kg-1), vegetable oil (>10% of ME recommendation) and combination of Quercetin with vegetable oil, respectively. Each group comprised of four replicates (12 birds in each). All the treatment groups were fed similar corn soya based basal diet. Daily and weekly feed intake throughout the experimental period was found comparable among the dietary treatment groups except the period of 4th week, where higher (P<0.05) feed intake was observed in control (T1). During starter phase weekly body weight gain (g/bird/week) and weekly growth rate (g/bird/d) was significantly (P<0.01) differ amongst the group, which was highest in T4; while these parameters were found comparable in finisher phase. However, the cumulative weight gains and cumulative growth rate were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 and T4 group. Similarly, Quercetin supplementation (T2) had also revealed higher cumulative weekly weight gain and growth rate over control group (P<0.01). The feed conversion ratio was revealed better (P<0.05) in T4 group during 4th and 6th week and also for overall experiment. Thus, the supplementation of Quercetin or vegetable oil or its combination in broilers had shown a better growth performance and improvement in feed conversion ratio.

The changes in physico-chemical characteristics of ambient water during transportation of fish causes stress and mortality. In this prelude, the present investigation involved the measurement of Physico-chemical characteristics of water (TAN, pH, and dissolved oxygen), biochemical parameters (serum total protein; serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT) during simulated transportation of Labeo rohita fingerlings using water additives. Four treatments of water additives were used in combination as T1 (1g glucose + 2g sodium chloride)/L, T2 (2g glucose + 2g sodium chloride)/L, T3 (1g glucose + 4g sodium chloride)/L, and T4 (2 g glucose + 4g sodium chloride)/L along with a control group, an experiment was conducted in triplicate. Before and after 12 h transportation, water quality and serum sampling were carried out. The analysis of the water quality parameters and serum sample showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) level of total ammonia nitrogen, lower pH, lower serum total protein, and higher SGOT activity in the control group after transportation. Whereas, a significantly (p<0.05) lower stress response and water quality values were observed in the treatment group indicating the potency of water additives in ameliorating the transportation stress, and in turn increases the survival rate of the IMC, Labeo rohita fingerlings after the transportation.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the existing quality of the most preferred meat product in Bareilly city in Uttar Pradesh. According to survey of 15 road side shops and restaurants in city, chicken and mutton Seekh Kabab was found most preferred RTE meat product, agreed by 66.66% of the retailer. The Kabab samples were collected aseptically and their quality was evaluated, and found that the protein and fat percentage varied significantly (P<0.05) among samples and ranged between 11.13-13.12% and 7.34-9.55% respectively. The oxidative stability of fat is reflected by TBARS value which was found significantly (P<0.05) variable among samples, raged between 1.64-2.28 mg malonaldehyde/kg. The total plate count (TPC) observed ranging between 5.62-6.53 log10 CFU/g, which were above acceptable standard limits for processed meat products for all the samples. Therefore it could be concluded that, there is need to improve the processing and handling practices involved in Kabab preparation and marketing in Bareilly City to secure public health.

The present study was conducted on six young goats of local mixed breed of either sex to study the histology and histochemistry of the Harderian gland. The Harderian gland was tubulo-acinar gland, consisting of both serous and mucous secretory end pieces. The secretory units were surrounded by myoepithelial cells. Aggregates of lymphoid tissue and a patch of hyaline cartilage were noticed in the interstitial tissue. The duct system was comprised of intralobular and interlobular ducts. The histochemical studies showed a positive reaction for presence of glycogen, both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides and presence of weakly acidic sulfated mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins in the secretory units and goblet cells in the interlobular ducts.

The present study was carried to study the direct and reciprocal crosses of native breed chickens namely Kadaknath (KN), Aseelpeela (AP), and CARI Red (CR) by comparing the efficiency of egg production, egg weight, and external and internal egg quality traits at 40th week of age. The reciprocal crosses CR×KN and CR×AP showed significantly (P<0.01) lower egg weights compared to their counterpart cross KN×CR (CARI- Shyama) and AP×CR (CARI- Nirbheek). Egg quality traits such as albumen index, Haugh unit, albumen weight, and yolk index were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the reciprocal cross at 40th week of age, whereas, others such as shape index, shell thickness, and yolk weight were comparable (P>0.05) among the crosses. Reciprocal crosses CR × KN and CR × AP had almost similar total egg production to their direct crosses KN × CR and AP × CR at almost all ages except 36th to 40th week of egg production which was significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that, reciprocal crosses have similar egg production with almost equal or better egg quality parameters to their direct crosses. The present study aims at the elucidating effect of reciprocal crossbreeding by using CARI Red as the male line in producing elite crosses for improvement in the production capacity of rural poultry in India.

Present study was aimed to investigate the mortality among a flock of Ganjam sheep and goat during December, 2016 in Odisha. These breed of small ruminant mostly reared in nomadic pattern by certain “Gola” community with native tract mostly in south-eastern and eastern-ghat of agroclimatic zones in Odisha with hot and humid climate. Clinical signs and gross lesions as observed among the animals were indicative of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). There was nearly 90% morbidity and 42.22% mortality. Higher mortality was recorded among the weaners (~ 63%) followed by kids (~ 42%). Blood examination revealed anemia with significantly (p ≤0.05) decrease in total erythrocyte counts (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) through t-test. Affected animals showed leucocytosis with nutrophillia and lymphopaenia. Statistically significant (p ≤0.05) alterations in various serum biochemical parameters were evident in morbid animals. At necropsy, typical lesions were erosive as well as hemorrhagic lesions in buccal mucosa, abomasums and intestine along with fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Histopathological changes were mostly infiltrations of inflammatory cells, syncytia and presence of intranuclear and /or intracytoplasmic eosinophillic inclusions in epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, lungs and hepatocytes.

The current study was undertaken at Goat Unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Durg located within the campus of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg. Blood samples were collected from 20 adult female goats every month during summer (n=80), rainy (n=80) and winter (n=80) season to investigate the blood biochemical parameters in Osmanabadi goat. The results obtained during the investigation revealed the significant seasonal variation (P< 0.01) in all the biochemical parameters studied, i.e. serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Albumin: Globulin ratio and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The mean total serum protein for summer was significantly higher (P< 0.01) than rainy and winter season. A similar trend was recorded in case of serum globulin and BUN values, but the reversed trend was observed in the mean values of serum albumin, A:G ratio and serum glucose. Thus, the observations of the study could able to establish the seasonal variation in biochemical parameters and could serve as reference values for Osmanabadi goat reared under the agro-climatic conditions of Chhattisgarh plains lies in the central zone of India.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of Gooseberry pulp powder (GPP) and Gooseberry seed coat powder (GSCP) treatment on the quality attributes of vacuum packaged spent hen meat nuggets stored at 4±1°C for 25 days. On the basis of preliminary trials and relevant literature, three different levels of incorporation i.e. 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were incorporated in chicken nuggets formulation replacing lean meat and samples were evaluated for physico-chemical, microbial, proximate and sensory qualities at periodic interval of 5 days. Vacuum packaging in combination with GPP and GSCP treatment had significantly (P<0.05) inhibited lipid oxidation in spent hen meat nuggets. The treated samples exhibited significantly (P<0.05) low total plate count, pyschrophilic, yeast and mould, coliform count as compared to control. Based on sensory evaluation, at the end of storage study on 25th day 0.5% GPP added nuggets exhibited higher overall acceptability than other samples. It can be concluded that GPP, GSCP and vacuum packaging have a potential for development of functional spent hen meat nuggets.

The present investigation was aimed to know the cause of sudden mortality among Wistar rats in a rat colony. The dead rats (n=20) were subjected to necropsy examination. Intestinal lumens were examined to know the presence of parasites or parasitic body parts. Intestinal faecal contents were collected for identification of the parasitic eggs. Intestinal tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Necropsy revealed the presence of cestodes in the intestinal lumen. The intestines were found to be haemorrhagic and filled with serous and blood tinged contents. The cestode worms were identified as Hymenolepis diminuta based on gross morphological examination of the adult worms and microscopic examination of the eggs. Histopathology revealed necrosis of enterocytes, blunting of villi, degeneration and necrosis of villous and crypt epithelium. The diseased rats were observed for clinical signs and symptoms. Clinically, the rats showed inappetence, dullness, depression, loss of body weight, rough hair coat and a typical hunchback posture. The affected rats were treated by oral administration of Praziquantel, Pyrantel Pamoate and Febantel combination (kiwof plus tablet, Savavet) at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg body weight. The rats were cured after anthelmintic treatment. The present study highlighted the occurrence of hymenolepiosis that caused high mortality among Wistar rats. This study emphasizes the necessity of rapid and specific disease diagnosis and treatment to control the mortality among affected rats and to prevent and control the further spread of parasitic infection among susceptible rats and in the personnel in close surroundings of the infected rats.

The study conducted was among farmers who were members of dairy co-operatives in different agro- climatic zones of Kerala with the objective to identify dairy farming systems and to document productivity. It was observed that small holders operated 83.80 per cent of the farms. Eight farming systems based on cropping patterns were identified. Mixed farming was the largest system with 50.0 per cent of the sampled units while systems based on mono cultures of paddy, coconut or rubber constituted 27.20 per cent and homestead farms accounted to 20.6 per cent of the studied farms. The average peak yield ranged from 14.63±0.37 (litres) in small farms to 18.64±0.54 (litres) in large farms. Test day yields were 9.61±0.30 in small farms and 12.58±0.68 in large farms. Peak yields, test day yields and predicted lactation yields differed significantly between types of farms (P<0.01). Service period (128.53±7.96 days) and inter calving period (408.53±7.96) were significantly shorter (P<0.01) in large farms than in small or medium farms.

Study was conducted in cross-bred cows (>60 days-in-milk) to evaluate various therapeutic regimens for Subclinical Endometritis (SCE). A total of 60 animals tested positive for SCE by Endometrial Cytology (EC) were divided into five groups with equal number. Therapeutic regimens viz. 0.3% Lugol’s iodine I/U (G-I), Lenovo-AP I/U (G-II), Meriflox I/M (G-III), Meriflox I/M + AI (G-IV) and No treatment + AI as control (G-V), each treatment opted for 3 days. In G-I, II and III, Whiteside test (WST) of Estrual Mucus and Artificial Insemination (AI) was done on subsequent estrus to evaluate recovery and conception rates, respectively. However, in G-IV and G-V, AI was performed on concurrent estrus to evaluate conception rate. Treatment efficacy was analyzed by recovery rate based on negative WST at next estrus (G-I, II, III) and conception rate evaluated based on pregnancy diagnosis after two months of AI in all groups. Group-I, II and III revealed recovery rate of 83.3%, 50% and 100% as well as conception rate of 50%, 50% and 66.7%, respectively. However, no difference was found in conception rate of G-IV (33.3%) and G-V i.e. control (33.3%). Further, treatment cost calculated per animal was `-9 for Lugol’s iodine, `-135 for Lenovo-AP and `-230 for Meriflox. In conclusion, Meriflox (Levofloxacin) by intramuscular route and AI on subsequent estrus can be recommended for treatment of SCE, and to improve conception rate. Apart from being economical, Lugol’s iodine laden with enormous benefits can be advocated as alternative treatment option via intrauterine administration for SCE.

A total of 50 samples of dog diet were collected from six districts i.e. Gurdaspur, Pathankot, Ropar, Mohali, Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahr of sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. These samples comprise of milk, chapatti, pulses, fruits, meat, eggs, vegetables etc. The collected samples were evaluated for proximate analysis (Crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), total ash (TA), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and crude fiber), minerals (calcium and phosphorus), physiochemical properties (pH, free fatty acids and peroxide value) and microbiological counts (total plate count, coliform count and staphylococcus count). The crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), total ash (TA), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and crude fiber values were in the range of 11.37-27.1%, 2.45-15.07%, 1.5-9.47%, 0.01-0.85%, 1.4-6.0% respectively. The pH, free fatty acids, peroxide value, total plate count, coliform counts, staphylococcal counts were in the range of 3.68-5.06, 0.08-0.41%, 0.29-1.13 meq/Kg, 2.14-2.51 cfu/gm, 1.07-1.53 cfu/gm and 0.22-0.64 cfu/gm respectively.

The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of reproductive disorders in Assam region of India. A total of 554 crossbred cows were screened and survey was made to rule out prevalence of reproductive diseases. The risk factors such as age and parity were also taken into account to find the relation with occurrence of reproductive disorders. The anestrus (51.12%), repeat breeding (RB; 33.71%), retention of fetal membrane (RFM; 5.06%), dystocia (4.50%), abortion and cervico-vaginal prolapse (2.81%) were recognized as major reproductive disorder in Assam. Age had non-significant (P>0.05) effect in the prevalence of the diseases. However, incidences of anestrus, dystocia and RB, abortion, cervico-vaginal prolapse and RFM were found highest in age group of ≤ 3 and 4-7 and ≥ 8 years, respectively. Parity had significant effect on incidences of anestrus (P<0.05) and RB (P<0.01) however, had no significance effect on other disorders. The result specified adverse climatic condition, low pH of soil, poor managemental practices by dairy producers had contributed in the occurrence of reproductive disorders. Therefore, knowledge regarding the prevalence and factor associated with reproductive diseases could be fruitful to alleviate the problem.

Present study was to evaluate and standardize different ultrasonography techniques to predict malignancy of canine tumours. The study was conducted on 28 canine patients (20 females and 8 males) with visible tumour masses with age ranging from 5 to 13 years of age and body weight from 11 to 37 Kg, for a period of 8 months. The ultrasonographic variables for different techniques (B-mode, Colour Doppler and stress elastography) were measured and recorded. The tumour masses after excision were submitted for routine histopathological examination. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and paired “t” test using IBM SPSS statistical packages. The B-mode and Colour Doppler ultrasonography had a low to moderate sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in predicting the malignancy of canine tumours. The stress elastography was a reliable and non-invasive technique to predict the malignancy in case of canine tumours with highest level of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplement of UMMB containing variable levels of urea and bentonite on haemato-biochemical and serum mineral profile of crossbred calves. Twenty four male crossbred calves were divided into four equal groups following complete randomized design and fed individually for 120 days. In group T1, 70% of CP requirement was met through feeding of concentrate mixture and remaining CP was fed through urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) and ad libitum wheat straw (control). In group T2, T3 and T4, the feeding regimen followed was same as that of control except that UMMB was replaced with UMMB-A, UMMB-B, UMMB-C which vary in physical. Blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120 day of experimental feeding to determine haemato-biochemical and serum mineral concentration. The mean values for Hb (mg/dl), PCV (%), glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin, globulin (g/dl), A:G ratio, urea (mg/dl), creatinine, SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L) level was comparable (P>0.05) among the different dietary treatments. the serum minerals (Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Zn) concentration was also statically similar among the different groups. However, periodical significantly (P<0.05) higher values were observed for Hb (mg/dl), PCV (%), glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin, globulin(g/dl), A:G ratio, urea (mg/dl), creatinine, Ca and P at 60 and 120 days of post feeding but it was comparable and lies in the normal physiological range. It was concluded that haemato-biochemical parameters of cross bred calves were not influenced by supplementation of urea molasses mineral blocks.

Haemonchus contortus is considered as main gastrointestinal parasite causing anaemia and hypoproteinemia in ruminants. The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between haematological parameters with duo of faecal egg count and FAMACHA© score in goats predominantly infected with Haemonchus contortus. A total number of 100 goats were divided into five groups [Group I (EPG 100-300), II (EPG 400-600), III (EPG 700-1000), IV (EPG 1100-1200) and V (EPG 1300 and above)]. Results revealed a highly significant (P<0.01) negative correlation between EPG and FAMACHA© score with haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count (TEC). Mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were declined in groups with increase in EPG and highly significant (P<0.01) differences were observed between all groups. Highly significant (P<0.01) and negative correlations were observed between TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte with duo of EPG and FAMACHA© scores whereas correlations between EPG, FAMACHA© score with both of neutrophil and eosinophil were highly significant (P<0.01) and positive. However, EPG and FAMACHA© score with basophil were showed significant (P<0.05) and negative correlation. The mean values of TLC were declined in groups having higher worms load. In DLC, the mean values of both neutrophil and eosinophil were elevated but lymphocyte and monocyte values were decreased with the increase in worm burden. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed in values of TLC and DLC between all groups but, no significant difference was observed for monocyte between group-I and II and for basophil between group-II and IV; and group-III and V.

Experiment was performed on six healthy Marathwadi buffalo calves of either sex of age above 6 months and weighing between 80 to 120 kg to study the different pharmacokinetic parameters after single intravenous administration @ 2 mg/kg body weight by microbiological assay technique. After intravenous administration of the drug, blood samples (4 ml each) of buffalo calves were collected from external jugular vein using disposable needles in clot activator tubes at different time intervals. The schedule of blood collection for pharmacokinetic studies after intravenous administration was at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hrs. The serum levels of cefquinome were estimated by microbiological assay technique using large glass plate. Different Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated as described by different scientists. The peak serum concentration, elimination half life, volume of distribution, total body clearance, absorption half life and area under curve values found were 1.74 ± 0.151 mcg/ml at 2.5 min of sampling time, 1.97±0.14 h, 3.97 ± 0.83 L/kg (Vd(B)) and 2.86 ± 0.34L/kg (Vdss), 1.11 ± 0.13 L/kg.h-1, 0.10 ± 0.02 h, and 1.93 ± 0.23 μg/ml/hr respectively. The bioavailability of cefquinome in buffalo calves was found to be 100 %. It may be concluded that the elimination half life of cefquinome was 2.54 h in Marathwadi buffalo calves indicating the repeating of doses at 12 to 15 h intervals in Marathwadi buffalo calves and the loading dose would be double than the maintenance dose of cefquinome after intravenous administration.

The present study was conducted on 18 clinically affected dogs of different breeds and age. All the dogs were divided into three groups A, B and C consisting of 6 animals in each one. Group A dogs were given standard therapy. In group B dogs were treated with immune plasma besides standard therapy. In group C dogs were treated with amino acid infusion besides standard therapy. In group A 3 out of 6 dogs (50%) showed complete recovery from dehydration and other clinical signs on day 4 post-treatments, while remaining 3 dogs (50%) recovered on day 5 post-treatments. In group B 4 dogs (66.66%) recovered completely from dehydration and other clinical signs on day 3 post-treatment, while remaining dogs (33.33%) recovered on day 4 post-treatment. In group C 5 dogs (83.33%) recovered completely from dehydration and other clinical sign on day 2 post-treatment, while remaining dogs (16.66%) recovered on day 3 post-treatment. It has been concluded that among various treatment groups, group C (Amino acid + Supportive therapy) was found to be superior as all six (6) dogs recovered day 3 post-treatment.