Urinary tract disorders are common clinical presentation in dogs and are typical reasons for most antimicrobial prescriptions in companion animals. Avoidance of unnecessary antimicrobial administration is a key tenet of antimicrobial stewardship; knowing the percentage of occurrence obviates over-treatment and the optimal duration of therapy. Therefore, a study was planned to know the occurrence of urinary tract disorders in dogs at VCC, Jabalpur, M.P. The overall occurrence of urinary tract disorders in dogs at VCC, Jabalpur was 6.19 %. Among dogs confirmed for urinary tract disorders, dogs affected with upper urinary tract disorders were found to be 69.10 % and dogs affected with lower urinary tract disorders were found to be 30.94 %. Further classification of dogs afflicted with lower urinary tract disorders showed the occurrence of complicated cystitis as 25.28 % and uncomplicated or simple cystitis as 74.42 %. Age wise occurrence of uncomplicated cystitis was significantly higher (2.45 %) in dogs of 4-8 years of age group. Gender wise occurrence was significantly higher in female dogs (2.38 %) compared to male dogs. Ultrasonographic examination revealed echo textural variations in dogs like altered bladder wall thickness, starry sky appearance and presence of sludge. Urinalysis examination uncovered presence of epithelial cells, RBC, WBC, pus cells, crystals, granular casts, hyaline casts, leukocyte cast, epithelial cells, transitional epithelial cell, squamous epithelial cell and bacteria either alone or in combination in microscopic examination of urine in cases of uncomplicated bacterial cystitis.

A six-week study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of mint powder and Indian bay leaf powder alone and in combination on performance, carcass traits and nutrient utilization in broiler chicks. Three hundred chicks were equally and randomly divided into ten dietary treatment groups having two replicates in each. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet while T2, T3 and T4 groups have 0.50%, 1.0% and 1.50% of mint powder and T5, T6 and T7 groups have Indian bay leaf powder @ 0.50%, 1.0% and 1.50% levels, respectively. T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% & 0.75% of both the herbs. Results indicated the inclusion of herbal feed additive alone and in combination increased feed intake (P<0.05) and body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index (P<0.01) as compared to control. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index were highest in T7 treatment group i.e. group supplemented with 1.5% level of Indian bay leaf powder. Similarly, the metabolizability of dry matter (P<0.05) and crude protein (P<0.01) also increase significantly on supplementation of these herbs alone and in combination. However, no effect was recorded on the protein efficiency ratio; dressed weight percent, eviscerated yield percent and percent yield of giblet, heart, liver and gizzard. Thus, it can be concluded that the supplementation of herbs in broiler feed has increased performance. Further, Indian bay leaf powder at 1.5% level could be suggested for the best broiler performance.

A total of 31 blood samples and 31 skin scabs were collected from both adult and young calves of suspected cases of Lumpy skin

disease showing clinical signs. All the collected samples (31 blood samples and 31 skin scabs) were processed and subjected for

virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and primary testicular cell cultures. The skin scabs (7 out of 14) positive at genus

and (amplifying P32 gene) species level amplifying (GPCR, RPO30 and Ankyrin repeat) genes by PCR were attempted for virus

isolation on embryonated chicken eggs of 10-11 days old. All the seven virus isolates (TPT-1, TPT-2, K-1, K-2, G-1, CH-1,

CH-2) showed hemorrhages on chorio-allantoic membrane at second passage level on 5th day of post inoculation whereas only

three isolates (TPT-2, K-1, CH-1) showed characteristic pock lesions on 5th day of post inoculation at 5th passage level. These

were further confirmed by PCR amplifying P32 gene. Out of these three isolates (TPT-2, K-1, CH-1) only two isolates (TPT-2,

K-1) were subjected for adaptation in primary lamb testicular cell cultures and CPE was observed with shrinkage, cell rounding

and cell aggregation between 48-72hrs post infection at first blind passage level.

Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (RDDGS) is a byproduct generated during the production of ethanol. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of incorporating Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (RDDGS) by substituting soybean meal in the concentrate mixture on the growth, digestibility, and cost economics of Nagavali ram lambs. Twenty-four lambs were randomly assigned into four treatment groups. In the treatment groups, soybean meal was replaced with RDDGS at 0% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3), and 100% (T4) levels. Our results inferred that replacing of soyabean meal with different concentrations of RDDGS did not significantly (P>0.05) affect dry matter Intake (DMI and feed conversion ratio. Further, gross digestibility of different nutrients and cell wall constituents were also unaffected. The cost of feed per kg of weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. The cost of feed/kg gain was significant (P<0.05) because of the replacement of soybean meal with RDDGS. T2, T3, and T4, showing decreases of ` 11.23, ` 17.59, and, respectively, in comparison to the control (T1). We conclude that, complete replacement of soyabean meal with DDGS is possible in sheep without compromising the nutrient efficiency and reduces the cost of production per kg body weight by 12.7% leading to reduced cost of production.

The study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) whole plant foliage for application as animal feed using the proximate analysis based on AOAC analytical standard and further the fodder quality and digestibility parameters were estimated using various factorial methods. Velvet bean was harvested for testing as forage between 90-120 days after sowing from Fodder Unit, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad wherein the whole plant samples were pooled. Crude protein (CP) was 16.80 percent while crude fiber (CF) was 19.0. The CF recorded was higher than the conventional feeds generally used for non-ruminant livestock hence the whole plant foliage may probably suit to be fed to ruminant and pseudo-ruminants. Other results were total ash 7.8 %, moisture content 73.0 % and lipid content 2.40%. The Calcium was 1.03 % and Phosphorous 0.19%. The quality analysis of fibers was Neutral Detergent Fiber 59.00% and Acid Detergent Fiber was 40.30%. The estimated dry matter intake on dry matter basis was 2.03%and estimated digestibility parameters i.e. Relative Feed Value (RFV) was 90.67%; Relative Feed Quality (RFQ) was 98.60 %. The other results of analysis were acid detergent lignin (ADL) 9.92%, hemi cellulose (HC) 22.10%, acid insoluble ash (AIA) 0.27% and silica 0.17%. The analysis results depict potential nutritional use as animal feed which has to be further tested in vivo at various levels of inclusion.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the morphological changes of sweat gland of indigenous Kangayam cows over crossbred Jersey cow during different climatic conditions. About six numbers of adult Kangayam and Jersey breeds of cattle in the age range of 3 to 5 years were selected from farmer’s house in the vicinity of Namakkal and Sathyamangalam districts of Tamil Nadu. The skin biopsy samples were collected in both the breeds during winter (December – February 2018) and summer (April- June 2019) seasons. Histological measurements like, sweat gland length, sweat gland diameter, depth of sweat gland and sweat gland density were recorded with the help of trinocular microscope (Leica DM 1000) with image analyzer (Leica application suit) software. The results revealed that the significant (P<0.01) increase in length and diameter and number of sweat glands in Kangayam cows than Jersey cows during both environmental conditions. Whereas depth of the sweat gland was less in Kangayam cow than Jersey cow during both seasons. The observations clearly indicating the more evaporative cooling capacity of indigenous cow over cross bred Jersey cow.

Six Gir heifers were divided into three groups on the nearness of age and weight. Treatments were studied namely T1 (Jowar

straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate), T2 (50% Jowar straw + 50% Soybean straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate), T3 (50% Jowar

straw + 50% Salt treated Soybean straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate) to fulfil the requirement of Gir heifer in all treatments.

Dry, green fodder and concentrate mixture were provided per the thumb rule. Daily DM intake differed non-significantly

between the treatments. The heifer from the T3 groups consumed more DM than that of T1 and T2 heifers. The average daily DM

intake was 6.51, 6.68 and 7.05 kg/day/heifer in the T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. This trend thus indicated an increase in

the daily DM intake when 2% salt-treated soybean straw and jowar straw were incorporated as roughage in the heifer rations.

Weight gain per day was found higher in combination feeding of jowar and salt-treated soybean straw. All the heifers exhibited

a satisfactory growth rate of 358 to 470 g per day and the differences were significant. It was concluded from all discussions

over the experimental result that treatment T3 shows better and more desirable results as compared to T1 and T2 treatments. In

T3 treatment feeding of jowar straw, 2% salt-treated soybean straw, green fodder and concentrate not only fulfilled the nutrient

requirement and growth of calves but also based on weight gain reduced the cost of feeding.

The Kuruma tribes in the Wayanad district of Kerala have traditionally raised the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle. This study employs a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology using unstructured interviews and thematic analysis to delve into the perceptions of Kuruma cattle keepers regarding the crucial biological attributes of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle. The findings reveal notable perceived characteristics, including higher levels of non-fat solids and fat in the milk, superior quality dung, and the ability to rear these animals without resorting to expensive concentrates. The Wayanad Dwarf Cattle’s robustness emerges as a significant perceived biological attribute, accompanied by advantages such as minimal housing requirements, rare disease occurrences, and resilience to diverse climates and terrains. Key recurring themes that were arrived at through the process of thematic analysis encompass the adaptability of these animals during water-scarce seasons and their distinctive grazing behavior, utilizing straight pointed horns to extract softer, green inner parts of tree stems by digging into the hard barks of tall trees in Wayanad forests. Any policy interventions aimed at fostering sustainable community-based conservation of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle must necessarily consider the perspectives of the traditional stakeholders in this sector.

The study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Senna tora or Cassia tora or Wild senna complete plant for application as animal feed using the proximate analysis based on AOAC analytical standard and further the fodder quality and digestibility parameters were estimated using various factorial methods. Samples were pooled from in and around Fodder Unit, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad. Crude protein (CP) was 12.38 percent while crude fiber (CF) was 18.84. The CF recorded was higher than the conventional feeds generally used for non-ruminant livestock hence the plant may probably suit to be fed to ruminant and pseudo-ruminants. Other results were total ash 10.84 %, moisture content 13.10% and lipid content 2.63%. The Calcium was 4.38 % and Phosphorous 1.02%. The quality analysis of fibers was Neutral Detergent Fiber 59.45% and Acid Detergent Fiber was 35.99%. The estimated dry matter intake on dry matter basis was 2.02% and estimated digestibility parameters i.e. Relative Feed Value (RFV) was 95.24 %; Relative Feed Quality (RFQ) was 102.81 %. The other results of analysis were acid detergent lignin (ADL) 28.59%, hemi cellulose (HC) 23.46%, acid insoluble ash (AIA) 0.27% and silica 0.17 %. The analysis results depict potential nutritional use as animal feed which has to be further tested in vivo at various levels of inclusion.

An experiment was conducted to assess the lactation performance and intake and digestibility of nutrients of mid-lactating

crossbred dairy cows fed with molasses based multi-nutrient liquid supplement (MMLS). Eighteen mid-lactating cows were

divided into three groups (T1, T2 and T3) with 6 cows in each group on the basis of body weight and milk yield. Cows were

fed concentrate mixture, green fodder and wheat straw. T1 group was fed basal diet without MMLS, T2 and T3 groups were fed

MMLS replacing 15 and 30% concentrate mixture, respectively. MMLS feeding did not show any significant change (P>0.05) in

average intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and Acid detergent

fibre (ADF) as compared to control. The ether extract (EE) intake of MMLS fed groups was lower (P<0.05) due to high EE

content of concentrate mixture as compared to MMLS. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF was comparable

(P>0.05) among all three groups. MMLS feeding did not show any significant change in lactation performance of the animals.

The fortnightly DMI, body weight changes and blood metabolic profile were also found to be comparable among the groups.

The data indicated that there was no adverse effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, lactation performance, DMI, body weight

changes and blood metabolic profile due to feeding of MMLS to mid-lactating dairy cows replacing up to 30% of concentrate

mixture.