Year: 2022 | Month: December | Volume 12 | Issue 6

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Carrier State in Livestock Population and its Diagnosis

Biswa Ranjan Jena1 Ramesh Chandra Patra Jitendra Kumar Biswal Prasana Kumar Rath Aishwarya Dash Rajasri Sahoo Ritu Gupta Santosh Kumar Senapati Susen Kumar Panda
DOI:10.30954/2277-940X.06.2022.1

Abstract:

Approximately, 50% of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) affected bovines persistently harbours the virus in the oro-pharyngeal epithelium for a prolonged period of time after recovery. The phenomenon is known as FMDV persistence and the animals as FMDV carriers. The virus can be isolated from oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) during a period more than 28 days after infection. Although direct transmission of virus from carrier to healthy animals has not been established, but these animals as a risk, for emergence of new outbreak cannot be overlooked. Therefore, trade policies consider the carriers as contagious and import of livestock from enzootic zones is restricted. FMDV persistence also complicates the retrieval of FMD-free status as the country or zone must evidence complete clearance of virus source. Thus, the detection of carrier animals after an outbreak or during export and import is essentially needed. This can be achieved by detecting the viral antigen and genome, or viral antibodies. Various methods such as virus isolation, RT-PCR, mucosal antibody detection ELISA etc. have been developed for this purpose. However, each test has some advantages and limitations. This article discusses about the persistence of FMDV in carrier animals and various methods for its detection.

• PDF Download

© This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited